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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of neoplastic cells?
What is a characteristic of neoplastic cells?
- They are typically benign
- They are always malignant
- They follow physiologic demand
- They exhibit uncontrolled growth (correct)
What is the term for a disease process where cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals?
What is the term for a disease process where cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals?
- Cancer (correct)
- Benign tumor
- Neoplasia
- Leukemia
Which type of cancer originates in epithelial tissue?
Which type of cancer originates in epithelial tissue?
- Sarcoma
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Carcinoma (correct)
What is the term for a tumor that is not cancerous?
What is the term for a tumor that is not cancerous?
Which type of cancer originates in the skin?
Which type of cancer originates in the skin?
What is the term for a tumor that affects fat tissue?
What is the term for a tumor that affects fat tissue?
Why are repeated doses of chemotherapy administered over a prolonged period?
Why are repeated doses of chemotherapy administered over a prolonged period?
What is a common side effect of chemotherapy that can persist for 24-48 hours after administration?
What is a common side effect of chemotherapy that can persist for 24-48 hours after administration?
What is a potential effect of chemotherapy on the bone marrow?
What is a potential effect of chemotherapy on the bone marrow?
What is the goal of chemotherapy treatment?
What is the goal of chemotherapy treatment?
What is a sign of myelosuppression secondary to chemotherapy administration?
What is a sign of myelosuppression secondary to chemotherapy administration?
Why is it important to verify a blood return before, during, and after administering chemotherapy through a central venous line?
Why is it important to verify a blood return before, during, and after administering chemotherapy through a central venous line?
What is a common sign of chemotherapy extravasation?
What is a common sign of chemotherapy extravasation?
What is the initial nursing intervention if chemotherapy extravasation is suspected or occurred?
What is the initial nursing intervention if chemotherapy extravasation is suspected or occurred?
What type of cancer is often treated with bone marrow transplantation?
What type of cancer is often treated with bone marrow transplantation?
What is a potential complication of bone marrow transplantation?
What is a potential complication of bone marrow transplantation?
What is a common nursing diagnosis for patients undergoing chemotherapy?
What is a common nursing diagnosis for patients undergoing chemotherapy?
What is the characteristic of a malignant cell in terms of growth rate?
What is the characteristic of a malignant cell in terms of growth rate?
What is a nursing intervention to prevent infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
What is a nursing intervention to prevent infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
What is the primary mechanism of metastasis in cancer cells?
What is the primary mechanism of metastasis in cancer cells?
Why should rectal or vaginal procedures be avoided in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
Why should rectal or vaginal procedures be avoided in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
What should be done to minimize infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
What should be done to minimize infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy?
What is the defect in cellular proliferation that occurs in the development of cancer?
What is the defect in cellular proliferation that occurs in the development of cancer?
What is the purpose of primary prevention in cancer?
What is the purpose of primary prevention in cancer?
What is the role of the immune system in cancer?
What is the role of the immune system in cancer?
What is the purpose of tumor marker identification in cancer diagnosis?
What is the purpose of tumor marker identification in cancer diagnosis?
What is the goal of palliation in cancer treatment?
What is the goal of palliation in cancer treatment?
What is the purpose of reconstructive surgery in cancer management?
What is the purpose of reconstructive surgery in cancer management?
Why is radiation therapy divided into small fractions?
Why is radiation therapy divided into small fractions?
What is the purpose of TNM classification in cancer diagnosis?
What is the purpose of TNM classification in cancer diagnosis?
What is the primary goal of managing stomatitis in patients with cancer?
What is the primary goal of managing stomatitis in patients with cancer?
What is the purpose of assessing the patient's skin, nutritional status, and general feeling of well-being?
What is the purpose of assessing the patient's skin, nutritional status, and general feeling of well-being?
What is the primary focus of hospice/palliative care?
What is the primary focus of hospice/palliative care?
What is the purpose of advising patients to avoid exposure to animal excreta?
What is the purpose of advising patients to avoid exposure to animal excreta?
What is the primary goal of teaching patients self-care?
What is the primary goal of teaching patients self-care?
What is the purpose of providing education and support to correct fears and misconceptions about opioid use?
What is the purpose of providing education and support to correct fears and misconceptions about opioid use?
What is the primary goal of assisting patients in coping with alopecia?
What is the primary goal of assisting patients in coping with alopecia?
What is the purpose of encouraging patients to participate in some form of exercise program?
What is the purpose of encouraging patients to participate in some form of exercise program?
What is the primary goal of providing information about granulocyte (or granulocyte macrophage) colony-stimulating factor (GCSF)?
What is the primary goal of providing information about granulocyte (or granulocyte macrophage) colony-stimulating factor (GCSF)?
What is the primary goal of assessing the patient's skin and oral mucosa frequently?
What is the primary goal of assessing the patient's skin and oral mucosa frequently?
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Study Notes
Cancer Concepts
- Neoplasia: uncontrolled cell growth that does not follow physiologic demand
- Cancer: a disease process where cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals in the environment
- Benign: not cancerous; benign tumors may grow but are unable to spread to other areas
- Malignant: having cells or processes characteristic of cancer
Types of Cancer
- Identified by tissue affected, speed of cell growth, cell appearance, and location
- Examples:
- Carcinoma: originates in epithelial tissue (e.g., lungs, stomach, liver)
- Sarcoma: originates in mesenchymal tissues (e.g., bone, muscle, connective tissues)
- Leukemia: originates in blood-forming tissues
- Lymphoma: originates in immune system cells
- Melanoma: originates in skin cells
- Benign tumors:
- Fibroma: affects connective tissue
- Lipoma: affects fat tissue
Benign vs. Malignant
- Benign:
- Slow growth rate
- Cells are typical of the tissue of origin
- Minor tissue damage
- Remains localized
- Seldom recurs after surgical removal
- Prognosis: not injurious
- Malignant:
- Rapid growth with infiltration
- Cells are atypical of tissue origin
- Causes necrosis and ulceration of tissue
- Spreads to other body parts (metastasis)
- Can recur after removal
- Prognosis: potentially fatal if uncontrolled
Malignant Process
- Cell proliferation
- Cell characteristics:
- Presence of tumor-specific antigens
- Altered shape, structure, and metabolism
- Metastasis:
- Spreads through lymphatic or hematogenous routes
- Becomes more heterogeneous, making treatment more difficult
Carcinogenic Agents and Factors
- Viruses and bacteria
- Physical factors
- Chemical agents
- Genetic and familial factors
- Diet
- Hormones
- Role of the immune system
Warning Signals
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump in breast or other tissue
- Indigestion or swallowing difficulties
- Obvious change in wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
Prevention and Treatment
- Primary prevention: reducing cancer risk in healthy people
- Secondary prevention: detection and screening for early diagnosis and intervention
- Cancer treatment goals:
- Cure
- Control
- Palliation
- Cancer management:
- Surgery
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT)
Nursing Interventions
- Prevention of infection
- Managing stomatitis
- Maintaining tissue integrity
- Protecting skin and oral mucosa
- Managing pain
- Decreasing fatigue
- Improving body image and self-esteem
- Assisting in the grieving process
- Teaching patients self-care
- Assisting with cancer rehabilitation
- Hospice and palliative care
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