Biology Chapter 9: Body Organization and Cells

Questions and Answers

What is the basic unit of all living tissues or organisms?

Tissue

System

Organ

Cell (correct)

All types of cells in the human body have the same size and shape.

False

Name one function of the integumentary system.

Protection

Muscles that are attached to bones and facilitate movement are called ______.

skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of joints with their function:

Hinge = Allows movement in one plane Ball and Socket = Allows movement in multiple directions Pivot = Allows rotation Saddle = Allows movement back and forth and side to side Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue?

Cellular Signup and view all the answers

The cardiovascular system is responsible for hormone production in the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the group of organs that work together for a specific purpose?

System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of muscles in the body?

Provide movement and posture Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal system contains over 206 bones.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name the three types of muscle tissue.

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac Signup and view all the answers

The point where bones meet is called a ______.

joint Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of joint with its description:

Ball-and-socket = Allows for rotational movement Hinge = Permits movement in one direction Pivot = Allows for rotational movement around an axis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscles as we age?

They weaken and lose tone Signup and view all the answers

All joints are movable.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of normal musculoskeletal findings?

Ability to perform routine movements without pain Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is constructed from cartilage and connects bones together.

ligament Signup and view all the answers

Match the following muscle types with their characteristics:

Skeletal = Voluntary muscle attached to bones Smooth = Involuntary muscle found in organs Cardiac = Striated involuntary muscle found in the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tendons?

Connect muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

Muscles completely stop functioning after an injury.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are common signs of joint inflammation?

Swelling, pain, stiffness Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal system provides ______ for the body.

shape Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?

Ball-and-socket Signup and view all the answers

The periosteum covers the outside of bones.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

To secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes Mellitus can develop at any age without any risk factors.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one common symptom of kidney stones.

Painful urination Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is a lifelong condition where the pancreas does not produce insulin.

Type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disorders with their descriptions:

AIDS = Disease caused by HIV that attacks the immune system Lupus = Immune system attacks tissues causing redness and pain Graves disease = Immune system attacks thyroid gland causing an increase in hormone production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a change due to aging in the endocrine system?

Increase in insulin production Signup and view all the answers

Urinary incontinence is a normal part of aging.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a nurse aide in managing patients with diabetes?

Monitor diet and blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when pelvic organs ________ into the vaginal canal.

drop down Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of diabetes with its characteristics:

Type 1 = Onset during childhood, requires insulin Type 2 = Typically develops after age 35, often managed with diet Gestational diabetes = Occurs during pregnancy and affects insulin sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of chronic kidney disease?

Prolonged high blood sugar Signup and view all the answers

The immune system becomes stronger as a person ages.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical management for someone with Type 2 diabetes?

Diet and oral medication Signup and view all the answers

An enlargement of the prostate gland is known as ________.

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the immune system?

Antibodies and white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organization of the Body

An organism consists of interrelated systems that work for structure and function.

Cells – Normal Findings

Cells reproduce in a controlled manner for tissue growth and repair.

Cells – Variation of Normal

Tumor: A group of abnormally growing cells which can be benign or malignant.
Cancer (CA): Characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, capable of invading surrounding tissues and metastasizing, commonly affecting skin, lungs, colon, breast, prostate, uterus, ovaries, bladder, and kidneys.

Cancer – Risk Factors

Leading cause of death; age is the most significant risk factor.
Tobacco use (including second-hand), radiation exposure, and certain infections (viruses and bacteria) increase risks.
Additional factors include immuno-suppressive drugs, alcohol consumption, high-fat and high-protein diets, female hormones, obesity, and environmental pollutants like air pollution.

Cancer – Warning Signs (CAUTION)

Changes in bowel/bladder habits
Non-healing sores
Unusual bleeding/discharge
New lumps or thickening in breasts
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Changes in existing warts or moles
Persistent cough or hoarseness

Cancer Treatment

Goals include curing, controlling the disease, and reducing symptoms.
Effective treatment relies on early detection and considers type, site, size, and spread of cancer.
Treatment options: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, stem cell transplants, and alternative therapies.

Cancer – Radiation Therapy

Employs X-ray beams or radioactive material aimed at tumors to kill cancer cells.
Side effects may include irritation at the site, dry mouth, sore throat, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Cancer – Chemotherapy

Affects the entire body, targeting both cancerous and normal cells.
Can be administered orally or intravenously while requiring safety measures for handling bodily fluids.
Side effects include hair loss, digestive issues, mouth sores, decreased blood cell production, and cognitive changes.

Cancer – Nurse Aide's Role

Focus on pain relief, balance of rest and exercise, nutrition, skin care, and prevention of bowel problems.
Observation and reporting of increased weakness, appetite changes, emotional state, and skin changes are vital.

Integumentary System Overview

Skin is the largest organ, serving as a protective barrier and housing accessory structures like hair and nails.

Integumentary Structure

Composed of three layers:
- Epidermis (outer layer without blood vessels)
- Dermis (contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat, and oil glands)
- Subcutaneous layer (fatty tissue for insulation)

Integumentary Function

Protects against injury, regulates temperature, eliminates waste, detects sensory information, and stores fat and vitamins.

Integumentary – Normal Findings

Skin should be warm, dry, and free of breaks, rashes, discoloration, or swelling.

Integumentary Changes Due to Aging

Thinning skin, loss of elasticity, and decreased fat layer lead to increased sensitivity to cold.
Aging may also cause hair thinning, appearance of wrinkles and brown spots, and brittle nails.

Integumentary – Variation of Normal

Signs include skin breaks, discolorations, rashes, swelling, and changes in temperature or texture.

Shingles (Herpes Zoster)

Viral condition characterized by a painful rash or blisters and may last 3 to 5 weeks. Contagious until lesions crust over.

Pressure Injuries

Lesions due to unrelieved pressure resulting in injury; friction and shear exacerbate risk.
Common pressure points include the back of the head, sacrum, heels, and other bony prominences.

Pressure Injury – At Risk

Risk factors include immobility, skin breaks, poor circulation, moisture, and age-related changes in skin.

Pressure Injury – Prevention

Identify at-risk individuals and implement measures to reposition, handle, and provide skin care effectively.

Musculoskeletal System Overview

Provides body structure and movement, protecting organs and contributing to body shape.

Muscles – Structure and Function

Over 600 muscles categorized as involuntary (cannot be controlled), cardiac (heart), smooth (organs), and voluntary (skeletal).
Muscles facilitate movement, maintain posture, and generate body heat.

Skeleton and Bones – Structure and Function

The skeleton comprises 206 bones connected by ligaments and provides support, movement, protection, calcium storage, and blood cell production in bone marrow.

Joints and Their Types

Joints connect bones via cartilage and synovial membranes; types include movable (e.g., ball-and-socket) and immovable joints.

Musculoskeletal – Normal Findings

Successful routine movement and full range of motion without pain indicates healthy musculoskeletal function.

Musculoskeletal – Changes Due to Aging

Aging leads to muscle weakening, decreased bone density, joint stiffness, and slower recovery from movement.

Arthritis

Inflammation of joints leading to stiffness and decreased mobility; includes osteoarthritis (age-related) and rheumatoid arthritis (can affect any age).

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone density causes bones to become brittle and prone to fractures, often leading to low back pain and changes in posture.

Fracture Management

Fractures require realignment to heal properly; common sites include arms and legs.

Contracture and Muscle Atrophy

Contractures involve shortened, stiff muscles leading to permanent disability, while muscle atrophy is the wasting of muscle from disuse.

Nurse Aide's Role in Musculoskeletal Care

Focus on prevention, monitoring, and support in activities of daily living.### Cell Theory Overview
Cells are the basic unit of all living tissues and organisms.
All living organisms are composed of cells, which perform essential functions for life.
Cells contain organelles, specialized structures that carry out various cellular activities.

Cells - Structure and Function

Function as the building blocks of the human body with a consistent basic structure.
Require food, water, and oxygen to survive.
Microscopic in size, capable of dividing, growing, and dying.
Different cells combine to form tissues.

Tissue - Structure and Function

Tissues perform specific activities and are categorized into four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve.
Grouped together to form organs.

Organ - Structure and Function

Composed of various tissue types, each serving a specific function (e.g., heart, stomach).
Some organs are paired, such as kidneys and lungs, and work together as systems.

System - Structure and Function

Consists of groups of organs working collaboratively for a specific purpose.
These systems collectively form an organism.

Changes Due to Aging

Changes in body systems include functional decline across integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems.
Normal findings can vary with age, affecting function and structure.

Common Disorders

Disorders can affect all body systems, including cancer in residents.
Nurse aides play a crucial role in care and monitoring of residents with various conditions.

Urinary System Disorders

Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi): Form when urine crystallizes; causes blockage and severe pain.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Progressive kidney damage with five stages, potentially requiring dialysis.
Urinary Incontinence: Involuntary urine loss; not a normal part of aging; requires compassionate care.

Nurse Aide's Role in Urination

Maintain cleanliness and comfort for residents with incontinence.
Provide privacy and encouraging fluid intake.
Assist with proper positioning for urination based on gender.

Reproductive System Overview

Facilitates human reproduction and can be divided into male and female systems.
Responsible for producing reproductive cells and hormones.

Changes in Reproductive Health Due to Aging

Decreased function of reproductive organs, such as prostate enlargement and sagging breasts.
Female reproductive system has weakened supporting muscles.

Endocrine System Overview

Comprises glands that secrete hormones regulating various body functions.
Plays a role in maintaining homeostasis, influencing growth, and regulating metabolism.

Common Endocrine Disorders

Diabetes Mellitus: Resulting from inadequate insulin production or usage, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1: Occurs in childhood/adulthood; insulin-dependent.
Type 2: Generally develops after age 35; often manageable through diet and oral medication.
Gestational Diabetes: Occurs during pregnancy.

Nurse Aide's Role in Managing Diabetes

Ensure adherence to dietary restrictions and monitor meals.
Observe and document blood glucose levels; provide foot care.

Immune System Overview

Defends against internal and external threats, including infections.
Composed primarily of antibodies and white blood cells; weakens with age.

Common Immune Disorders

AIDS: Caused by HIV, which attacks immune cells leading to severe infections.

Nurse Aide's Role for Immune Disorders

Adhere to standard precautions to prevent infection.
Provide support for daily activities and emotional needs of residents.

Additional Common Disorders

Lupus: Autoimmune disease causing systemic inflammation.
Graves Disease: Immune system attacks thyroid, increasing hormone levels; requires monitoring and support from aides.

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Description

This quiz covers important concepts from Biology Chapter 9, focusing on the organization of the body and the characteristics of cells. It explores normal findings in cells, tumor formation, and the implications of cancer. Test your understanding of these crucial biological principles.