Cancer Biology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

Malignant tumors are encapsulated.

Malignant tumors frequently metastasize. (correct)

Mitosis is rare in malignant tumors.

Malignant tumors resemble normal cells.

Which characteristic is typically associated with benign tumors?

Invasive growth.

Rapid growth rate.

Frequent metastasis.

Well-differentiated cells. (correct)

What is the term used for the supportive tissue surrounding tumors?

Somatic cells

Parenchyma

Stroma (correct)

Metastasis

Which of the following tumor types is classified as malignant?

Sarcoma Signup and view all the answers

In which type of tumor is mitosis more frequently observed?

Malignant tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?

Invasive characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about metastasis is correct?

It involves the spreading of cancer cells to other tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of malignant cells?

They exhibit uncontrolled growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT considered a carcinogenic agent?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What does metastasis refer to in cancer progression?

Spread of cancer to distant sites. Signup and view all the answers

Which age-related factor contributes to an increased incidence of cancer?

Accumulation of somatic mutations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of primary prevention in cancer?

Reduction of cancer risk in healthy individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an early warning sign of cancer?

Change in bowel or bladder habits. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer is most commonly associated with smoking?

Pancreatic cancer. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is considered a significant environmental risk factor for cancer?

Alcohol consumption. Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system play a role in cancer risk?

A weakened immune response can lead to higher cancer risk. Signup and view all the answers

What defines cell cycle specific agents in chemotherapy?

They target specific phases of the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of chemotherapy?

Increased hair growth Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily associated with bone marrow transplantation?

Graft-vs.-host disease Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient undergoing chemotherapy, which factor should be monitored to promote safety?

Fluid and electrolyte balance Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the nursing process for patients with cancer?

Monitor for signs of infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of surgical cancer treatment?

To remove the entire tumor and any involved surrounding tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surgical procedure is used primarily to relieve symptoms when a cure is not feasible?

Palliative surgery Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is incisional biopsy the most appropriate choice?

When the tumor mass is too large to be completely removed Signup and view all the answers

What does wide excision surgery involve?

Complete removal of the tumor with surrounding tissue at high risk for spread Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biopsy is primarily quick, inexpensive, and requires only local anesthesia?

Needle biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern addressed by reconstructive surgery after cancer treatment?

To improve function and aesthetics post-operation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about palliative surgery is correct?

It can involve colostomy in case of bowel obstruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of control in cancer management?

Prolonged survival of the patient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding excisional surgery?

It removes the entire tumor along with surrounding tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes prophylactic surgery in the context of cancer treatment?

It is done to prevent the development of cancer in high-risk patients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of preoperative assessment in cancer surgery?

To identify factors that may affect the patient Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation therapy is described as delivering a high dose of radiation to a localized area?

Brachytherapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason patients receiving radiation therapy are placed in private rooms?

To decrease exposure to radiation for hospital staff Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of chemotherapy?

Altered cellular function and replication Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily influences the dosage of radiation therapy administered to a patient?

Tumor size and sensitivity of target tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a usual nursing care action for patients undergoing radiation therapy?

Delivering chemotherapy treatments Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse advise a patient undergoing radiation therapy regarding skin care?

Avoid applying any substances to the affected area Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected long-term effect of radiation therapy on the body?

Tissue changes and potential complications Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of external radiation therapy?

Delivers radiation through x-rays to destroy cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of effects can radiation therapy have on the gastrointestinal system?

Altered function leading to nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oncology Nursing Management in Cancer Care

Oncology nursing focuses on the management of cancer care.
Neoplasia: New growth of tissue
Tumor: A swelling characterized by abnormal cell growth exceeding normal limits, lacks defined borders or restrictions.
Metastasis: The ability of a tumor to spread.
Tumors are categorized based on behavior and parenchymal (tissue-specific) components.
- Benign tumors are non-cancerous.
- Malignant tumors are cancerous
All tumors, both benign and malignant, have two basic components:
- Parenchyma: Composed of proliferated neoplastic cells.
- Stroma: Supportive tissue consisting of connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphocytes.
Tumor nomenclature often ends with "-oma" for benign tumors (e.g., fibroma, chondroma).
- Epithelial tumors (originating from the lining of tissues) often have the suffix "-adenoma" (e.g., adenoma).
- Malignant tumors often have the suffix "-carcinoma" (epithelial) or "-sarcoma" (mesenchymal).
Malignant tumors include:
- Epithelial examples: Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma.
- Mesenchymal examples: Fibrosarcoma.
Benign and malignant tumors differ in:
- Benign Tumors: Resemble normal cells (well differentiated), mitosis is rare, growth is slow, often encapsulated, non-invasive, do not metastasize.
- Malignant Tumors: Do not resemble normal cells (undifferentiated), mitosis is frequent, growth is fast, often uncapsulated, invasive, frequently metastasize.
Metastasis is the spread of cancer from the primary site to other parts of the body.
Cancer is a disease process initiated by the genetic mutation of cellular DNA, transforming an abnormal cell. These cells are invasive and infiltrate other tissues.
Characteristics of malignant cells: Uncontrolled growth, altered metabolism, irregular shape, presence of tumor-specific antigens.
Metastasis mechanisms: Lymphatic, hematogenous (blood), and angiogenesis.
Cancerogenic agents and risk factors:
- Viruses, bacteria
- Chemical agents (tobacco, asbestos)
- Physical factors (sunlight, radiation)
- Behavior and lifestyle related factors (alcohol, chronic irritation, obesity)
- Genetic and dietary factors
- Hormonal factors
- Role of the immune system
Cancer incidence increases with age due to somatic mutation accumulation and weakened immunity.
Common environmental factors related to cancer: Workplace exposures, nutrition (obesity), behaviors (alcohol, smoking, STDs), viral diseases. Alcohol use and smoking can increase the risk for certain cancers of the oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, lung, lips, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, and bladder.
Cancer warning signs (CAUTION): Changes in bowel/bladder habits, sores that don't heal, unusual bleeding/discharge, thickening/lumps, indigestion/swallowing difficulties, changes in moles/warts, nagging cough/hoarseness
Primary prevention of cancer involves reducing cancer risk in healthy individuals by avoiding known carcinogens, educating patients on healthy lifestyles, improving diet, educating the public.
Secondary prevention involves early detection, screening, and intervention. Secondary prevention methods include self-breast exams, self-testicular exams, screening colonoscopies, and Pap tests. Assessing patients at high risk
Diagnostic cancer tests include biopsies, tumor staging and grading (TNM classification), blood tests.
Staging determines the size and presence of metastasis of tumors.
- TNM classification:
  - T: Extent of primary tumor
  - N: Lymph node involvement
  - M: Extent of metastasis
Grading classifies tumor cells based on their tissue of origin and their resemblance to normal cells, commonly graded from I-IV.
- Grade I: Well-differentiated tumors
- Grade IV: Poorly differentiated tumors.
Cancer treatment goals include cure, control, and palliation.
Surgical treatment approaches include diagnostic, prophylactic, and reconstructive surgeries.
Primary surgical treatment often involves local or wide excision (radical) to remove the entire tumor and surrounding tissue.
Types of biopsy include excisional, incisional, needle biopsy.
Palliative surgery is performed when a cure isn't possible to relieve symptoms, such as pain, including colostomy for bowel obstruction.
Reconstructive surgery may be performed after a curative or radical surgery to improve function in areas like breast, head, neck, and skin.
Nursing management in cancer surgery involves pre-operative assessment, education, frequent communication with both patients and medical team about procedure related restrictions. Comprehensive after-operative evaluation and care, including monitoring for complications.
Types of radiation therapy (external, internal) are used to treat tumors. Internal radiation uses needles or implants. Radiation therapy often requires patient immobilization. A lethal tumor dose is calculated based on normal tissue sensitivity.
Toxicity of radiation therapy: Skin integrity impairment (alopecia, erythema), altered oral mucosa (stomatitis, xerostomia), esophageal irritation, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, anemia, fatigue, malaise.
Nursing management in radiation therapy involves patient/family education, providing oral hygiene, and protecting caregivers.
Chemotherapy agents target cellular function to destroy tumor cells, treating systemic cancers.
- Chemotherapy timing in relation to the cell cycle.
Types of chemotherapy agents, classifications, and routes of administration.
Potential adverse effects of chemotherapy include GI effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), myelosuppression, renal damage, cardiopulmonary and reproductive system toxicity, and neurologic effects.
A bone marrow transplant (BMT) is used to treat hematological cancers and cancers with bone marrow involvement. Procedures include treating with chemotherapy to ablate bone marrow, graft-versus-host disease, venous occlusive disease, follow-up care, and surveillance.
Collaborative problems related to cancer treatments include infection, bleeding, superior vena cava syndrome, hypercalcemia, spinal cord compression, pericardial effusion, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Hospice care offers multidisciplinary care for terminally ill patients and families. The focus is on quality of life, symptom management, and psychosocial/spiritual care.
Oncologic emergencies like superior vena cava syndrome,spinal cord compression, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade, disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, and tumor lysis syndrome.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the differences between malignant and benign tumors, the characteristics associated with each type, and the various factors influencing cancer progression. This quiz covers important concepts including metastasis, carcinogenic agents, and the role of the immune system in cancer risk.