Cancer Biology Quiz

Study Notes

Definition: abnormal cell growth and division that can invade and damage surrounding tissues and organs
Causes:
- Genetic mutations
- Environmental factors (e.g. radiation, chemicals)
- Infection (e.g. HPV)
Types:
- Carcinomas (epithelial cells)
- Sarcomas (connective tissue cells)
- Leukemias (blood cells)
- Lymphomas (lymphoid cells)
Stages:
- Carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, progression)
- Tumor formation and growth
- Metastasis (spread to other sites)

Definition: relationship between diet and health
Impact of nutrition on disease:
- Macronutrient imbalance (e.g. obesity, diabetes)
- Micronutrient deficiency (e.g. scurvy, anemia)
- Foodborne illnesses (e.g. food poisoning)
Dietary recommendations:
- Balanced diet with variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
- Limited intake of sugar, salt, and saturated fats

Definition: ongoing, long-term management of diseases that are not cured by treatment
Examples:
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Management strategies:
- Lifestyle modifications (e.g. diet, exercise, stress management)
- Medication adherence
- Regular monitoring and follow-up

Definition: exposure to environmental factors that can cause disease
Examples:
- Air pollution (e.g. particulate matter, ozone)
- Water pollution (e.g. heavy metals, pesticides)
- Soil pollution (e.g. lead, radon)
- Climate change
Health effects:
- Respiratory problems (e.g. asthma, COPD)
- Cancer
- Neurological damage
- Birth defects

Definition: diseases caused by genetic mutations or abnormalities
Types:
- Autosomal dominant (e.g. Huntington's disease)
- Autosomal recessive (e.g. cystic fibrosis)
- X-linked (e.g. hemophilia)
- Mitochondrial disorders (e.g. Kearns-Sayre syndrome)
Inheritance patterns:
- Mendelian inheritance
- Non-Mendelian inheritance (e.g. genomic imprinting, mosaicism)

Cancer is defined as abnormal cell growth and division that can invade and damage surrounding tissues and organs
Causes of cancer include genetic mutations, environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals, and infection
Types of cancer include carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas
Stages of cancer development include carcinogenesis, tumor formation and growth, and metastasis
Carcinogenesis involves initiation, promotion, and progression

Nutrition plays a critical role in disease prevention and treatment
Macronutrient imbalance can lead to obesity and diabetes, while micronutrient deficiency can cause scurvy and anemia
Foodborne illnesses such as food poisoning can occur due to contaminated food
A balanced diet with variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins is recommended
Limited intake of sugar, salt, and saturated fats is advised

Chronic diseases require ongoing management and are not cured by treatment
Examples of chronic diseases include diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Management strategies include lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and regular monitoring and follow-up

Environmental health risks include exposure to air, water, and soil pollution
Examples of environmental health risks include air pollution, water pollution, and climate change
Health effects of environmental health risks include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological damage, and birth defects

Genetic disorders are diseases caused by genetic mutations or abnormalities
Types of genetic disorders include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial disorders
Examples of genetic disorders include Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Inheritance patterns of genetic disorders include Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance