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Cancer Biology: Promoters and Carcinogenesis

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Cancer Biology: Promoters and Carcinogenesis

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary result of initiation in cancer development?

Immediate death of cells with DNA damage

Cells becoming susceptible to becoming cancerous (correct)

Complete transformation of cells into cancerous cells

Repair of DNA lesions by cellular mechanisms

What happens to cells with DNA lesions caused by initiating agents?

They are completely repaired by cellular mechanisms

They immediately die

They are instantly transformed into cancer cells

They can divide and pass on the damage (correct)

What is the effect of a higher carcinogen dose and exposure time on cancer risk?

It only affects the promotion stage of cancer development

It increases the risk of cancer (correct)

It decreases the risk of cancer

It has no effect on cancer risk

Why is prevention important in cancer development?

Because initiation is irreversible and can lead to further mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the time frame in which repair mechanisms act in initiation?

It determines the likelihood of DNA damage being repaired Signup and view all the answers

What type of alterations, along with genetic alterations, contribute to the development of cancer?

Epigenetic modifications Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of carcinogenesis do epigenetic changes occur?

Initiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the factors that stimulate cell growth without directly causing mutations?

Promoters Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the entire process of cancer development, from initiation to in situ cancer?

Carcinogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What type of models are used to study the natural history of cancer?

Animal models Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of carcinogenesis characterized by visible changes and increased aggressiveness?

Progression Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of promoters in the process of carcinogenesis?

They influence gene expression and stimulate the division of initiated cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of removing a promoter from the environment?

Cell growth is slowed Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of aneuploidy in cancer cells?

Increased growth rate and invasiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of tumor suppressor genes?

They inhibit cell growth and division Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of angiogenesis in tumor growth?

It supports tumor growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of metastasis in cancer?

Neoplastic cells detach from the primary tumor and travel through the blood/lymphatic system Signup and view all the answers