unit 2

What is the primary cause of the unregulated growth that characterizes cancer?

Damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division (correct)
Abnormalities in the cell cycle checkpoints
Damage to the cell membrane
Overexpression of genes involved in cell growth and proliferation

Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle risk factor for cancer?

Alcohol consumption
Regular exercise (correct)
Tobacco smoking
Electromagnetic fields

What is the term for the early cell changes that can potentially lead to cancer?

Hyperplastic cells
Mutated cells
Precancerous cells (correct)
Abnormal cell growth

Which of the following environmental agents is associated with an increased risk of cancer?

Radiation (D) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the risk of cancer tend to increase?

With age (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cancer treatment, according to the cell killing theory?

To destroy all malignant cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Alkylating Drugs in cancer treatment?

Interfering with cell division and binding to DNA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Antineoplastic Antibiotics on cancer cells?

Delays or inhibits cell division and reproduction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Antimetabolites in cancer treatment?

Interfering with metabolic functions of cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of repeated chemotherapy courses in cancer treatment?

To continue reducing cancer cells until all are killed (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of antineoplastic drugs?

They affect cells that rapidly grow and divide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of administering chemotherapy in cycles?

To allow recovery of normal cells and destroy more malignant cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the spreading of cancer to other sites?

Metastasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of combination therapy in cancer treatment?

To increase the effectiveness of treatment and minimize side effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antineoplastic drug therapy?

To slow the rate of tumor growth and delay metastasis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is characterized by an abnormal growth of white blood cells?

Leukemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of immunosuppressive therapies in cancer treatment?

To suppress the immune system to prevent rejection (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of antineoplastic drug used in cancer chemotherapy?

Alkylating agents (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor associated with severe autoimmune diseases that require immunosuppression?

Lack of immune system regulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions requires immunosuppression to prevent rejection?

Stem cell transplant (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of hormones in hormone-dependent tumors?

They alter the hormonal environment of the cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of hormone therapy in cancer treatment?

Bone marrow suppression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why hormone therapy affects both cancer cells and rapidly growing normal cells?

Because hormone therapy targets rapidly growing cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of altering the hormonal environment of the cell in hormone-dependent tumors?

To counteract the effect of male or female hormones (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why hormone therapy is used in cancer treatment?

To counteract the effect of male or female hormones in hormone-dependent tumors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T lymphocytes in the body?

To defend against viral infections, fungal infections, and some bacterial infections (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Natural Active Immunity and Artificial Active Immunity?

One occurs through disease, while the other occurs through vaccination (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Active Immunity?

It takes time to provide immunity, but lasts for a long time (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Immunizing Agents?

To stimulate the immune response and create body protection (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Active Immunity and Passive Immunity?

One is obtained from exogenous antibodies, while the other is produced by the body (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for microorganisms that are harmful to humans?

Pathogens (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of some bacteria?

Both A and B (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fungal disease?

Candida (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a parasitic disease?

Malaria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of bacteria?

Almost everywhere, including soil, acidic hot springs, and radioactive waste (C) Signup and view all the answers