Cancer Biology and Pathology Quiz

<p>Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their replication can alter host cell genes, potentially leading to cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing’s syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple Myeloma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activates osteoclasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clubbing of the fingers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurological impairment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benign disorders do not invade surrounding tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often show uncontrolled proliferation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High sugar intake directly causes breast cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of cancer-related genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased bone density at the tumor site. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imaging such as X-rays and MRIs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemotherapy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis occurs only in prokaryotic cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inborn zygotic mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Philadelphia chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Li-Fraumeni syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BRCA1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wilm’s tumour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human papillomavirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epstein-Barr virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis B and C viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To aid in screening at-risk populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostate-specific antigen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased mitotic activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CA-125 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HER2-targeted therapy like Herceptin may be prescribed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&lt; 4.0 ng/ml (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitive, specific, and easily detected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperchromatic, enlarged nuclei (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medullary thyroid carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help in the assessment of tumor spread. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can help determine the most advantageous treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor therapy and recurrence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CA19-9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which cells divide and replicate to create two identical daughter cells.

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A programmed process of controlled cell death that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells.

An uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells, leading to the formation of a tumor.

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease, such as genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures.

The study of the causes and origins of diseases.

The effects of a disease on the body and its functions.

Methods and techniques used to identify and diagnose diseases.

A specific genetic alteration involving chromosome 9 and 22, found in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It leads to the production of a fusion protein called BCR-ABL, which promotes uncontrolled cell growth.

A type of leukemia characterized by an overproduction of white blood cells, specifically granulocytes, due to the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome.

A tumor suppressor gene that plays a critical role in regulating cell growth and preventing uncontrolled cell division. Mutations in BRCA1 can increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.

A tumor suppressor gene that, like BRCA1, is involved in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. Mutations in BRCA2 can also increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.

A type of cancer that affects the retina of the eye, often occurring in children. It is associated with mutations in the RB1 gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene.

Changes in DNA sequence that are present from birth and are passed down from parent to child.

Changes in DNA sequence that occur after birth in a single cell and are passed on to subsequent daughter cells.

A rare, inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the p53 gene, leading to an increased risk of various cancers.

A gene that functions as a tumor suppressor, controlling cell growth and preventing uncontrolled division.

A specific chromosomal abnormality in CML, resulting from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.

A disorder characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood.

A tumor in the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of insulin.

A condition caused by excessive production of cortisol, leading to a range of symptoms like weight gain, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure.

Refers to a type of cancer affecting plasma cells in the bone marrow.

A protein that promotes bone resorption, breaking down bone tissue.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can cause cervical cancer.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a virus that can cause Burkitt's lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymph nodes.

Hepatitis B and C viruses can cause liver cancer.

Aflatoxin, a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is a risk factor for liver cancer.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemicals formed during the incomplete burning of organic materials. Exposure to PAHs can increase the risk of various cancers, including lung cancer.

Red meat, containing 'haem' pigment found in red blood cells, is a potential risk factor for stomach cancer.

UV radiation, from the sun or tanning beds, is a major risk factor for skin cancer.

Exposure to tobacco smoke is a significant risk factor for lung, stomach, esophagus and oral cancers.

Certain types of HPV infection are linked to cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, vagina, and vulva.

Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, breast, and colon.

A substance found in blood, urine, or tissue that is associated with the presence of malignancy.

Loss of normal cell structure and function, leading to abnormal growth.

Disruption of the normal connections between cells, allowing cancer cells to spread.

The study of cells and tissues using a microscope, often involving staining techniques to highlight specific features.

A type of laboratory test that uses specific antibodies to detect and quantify the presence of certain molecules in a sample.

A type of laboratory test that uses chemical reactions to detect and visualize specific molecules in a sample.

A technique that uses electron beams to produce images of very small structures, such as cells and organelles.

A laboratory test that analyzes the genetic makeup of cells to identify mutations or other changes that may be associated with cancer.

A protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland, whose levels can be elevated in cases of prostate cancer.

A type of laboratory test that uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA or RNA sequences in cells or tissues.

A type of laboratory test that uses antibodies to identify and quantify specific proteins on the surface of cells.

A technique that analyzes the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of circulating tumor cells or circulating tumor DNA.

The process by which a patient's cancer is classified based on its severity and potential for spread.

A type of targeted therapy that uses drugs to specifically attack the HER2 protein, which can be overexpressed in some cancers.

The ability of a diagnostic test to correctly identify individuals with a specific condition.