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Questions and Answers
What was a significant outcome of the Unions' efforts during the late 19th century?
What was a significant outcome of the Unions' efforts during the late 19th century?
Which act, enacted in 1885, was the first law aimed at protecting workers?
Which act, enacted in 1885, was the first law aimed at protecting workers?
Why did Louis Riel create a provisional government?
Why did Louis Riel create a provisional government?
What were the views of French Canadians regarding Louis Riel after his trial?
What were the views of French Canadians regarding Louis Riel after his trial?
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What was a reason for the postponement of territorial expansion in Canada prior to 1882?
What was a reason for the postponement of territorial expansion in Canada prior to 1882?
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What was the primary purpose of the National Policy?
What was the primary purpose of the National Policy?
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Which three solutions were linked together under the National Policy?
Which three solutions were linked together under the National Policy?
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During 1840-1896, what was a significant reason for Canadian emigration?
During 1840-1896, what was a significant reason for Canadian emigration?
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What was 'La Grande Hémorragie' in the context of Canadian history?
What was 'La Grande Hémorragie' in the context of Canadian history?
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What was the underlying ideology behind agriculturism?
What was the underlying ideology behind agriculturism?
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Who was a notable supporter of the agriculturism movement?
Who was a notable supporter of the agriculturism movement?
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What was a consequence of the emigration wave during 1840-1896?
What was a consequence of the emigration wave during 1840-1896?
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What was the role of the Order of Agricultural Merit created in 1889?
What was the role of the Order of Agricultural Merit created in 1889?
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Who was a key figure in the development of new colonization regions in the Laurentians and Outaouais?
Who was a key figure in the development of new colonization regions in the Laurentians and Outaouais?
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What was one of the strategies Canada used to address the population loss?
What was one of the strategies Canada used to address the population loss?
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Which movement in Canada was characterized by the supremacy of religious authority over civil society?
Which movement in Canada was characterized by the supremacy of religious authority over civil society?
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What was the primary goal of the 'Institut canadien' established in 1844?
What was the primary goal of the 'Institut canadien' established in 1844?
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Who was the first Catholic bishop influential in the rise of ultramontanism in Canada?
Who was the first Catholic bishop influential in the rise of ultramontanism in Canada?
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What did Mgr Ignace Bourget strive to achieve in relation to ultramontanism?
What did Mgr Ignace Bourget strive to achieve in relation to ultramontanism?
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What was the response of the Catholic Church towards the 'Institut canadien'?
What was the response of the Catholic Church towards the 'Institut canadien'?
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Which individual was known for mobilizing journalists and conservative politicians for a 'programme catholique'?
Which individual was known for mobilizing journalists and conservative politicians for a 'programme catholique'?
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What was the primary reason for the rural exodus during the industrialization phase in Canada?
What was the primary reason for the rural exodus during the industrialization phase in Canada?
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Which of the following challenges did urbanization NOT contribute to in cities?
Which of the following challenges did urbanization NOT contribute to in cities?
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What was one direct consequence of the difficult working conditions at the end of the 19th century?
What was one direct consequence of the difficult working conditions at the end of the 19th century?
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During which years did Montreal’s population triple due to urbanization?
During which years did Montreal’s population triple due to urbanization?
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What was the infant mortality rate mark stated for children in urban areas?
What was the infant mortality rate mark stated for children in urban areas?
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What percentage of men's wages did women and children earn at the end of the 19th century?
What percentage of men's wages did women and children earn at the end of the 19th century?
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What was one of the major epidemics mentioned that impacted working-class neighborhoods?
What was one of the major epidemics mentioned that impacted working-class neighborhoods?
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What was a common working hour range for workers during the late 19th century?
What was a common working hour range for workers during the late 19th century?
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Study Notes
National Policy
- The National Policy was a key economic and political strategy for the Conservative Party under John A. Macdonald.
- It was in effect from 1878 until World War II.
- High tariffs were placed on imported goods to protect Canadian manufacturers from American competition.
- The policy had three interconnected goals:
- Increase tariffs on trade to generate revenue and protect Canadian manufacturers.
- Expand the railway system to improve transportation of people and goods efficiently.
- Increase immigration to populate the western provinces.
Emigration vs Immigration
- Between 1840 and 1896, Canadian authorities struggled to maintain a stable population to support economic growth.
- During this period, approximately 2,000,000 Canadians, mostly farmers, left the country. Push factors include jobs being difficult to find and agricultural lands being overpopulated.
- Most emigrants originated from rural areas of Quebec (roughly 900,000).
- They sought better economic opportunities, often seeking work in textile and shoe factories.
Agriculturism
- This ideology championed rural life and traditional values.
- The values emphasized family, French language, and the Catholic religion.
- It was a response to the negative effects of industrialization.
- The ideology garnered government support for returning to a life on the land.
- The federal and provincial governments implemented policies and programs aiming at promoting rural settlement.
- The clergy actively supported the promotion of agriculture in Canada.
Immigration
- To counter population loss, Canada increased immigration efforts to populate the western provinces.
- Extensive marketing and publicity campaigns were launched throughout Europe to attract immigrants.
Ultramontanism vs Anticlericalism
- Two opposing viewpoints emerged regarding the role of the Catholic Church in society and politics between 1840 and 1896.
- Ultramontanism emphasized the supremacy of religious authority over civil society, emphasizing the Pope's infallibility and rejection of compromise with modern thought.
- Anticlericalism, spearheaded by intellectuals, sought separation of church and state, advocating for a more secular society.
Rural Exodus and Urbanization
- The period of industrialization (1850-1900) led to a large-scale rural exodus, as people migrated from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment.
- Rapid population growth in cities led to challenges like inadequate housing, sanitation issues, and lack of municipal services.
- Montreal showed substantial growth in population during this time.
Living Conditions
- Infant mortality rates were high due to factors such as poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and use of unpasteurized milk.
- Infectious diseases were common, particularly in working-class neighbourhoods.
- Living and working conditions for many were extremely difficult.
- Workers labored long hours (60-72 hours a week).
- Wages were low, particularly for women and children.
- Protections for workers were lacking in many cases.
End of the Louis Riel Affair
- After the implementation of the National Policy, the federal government aimed to complete the western territorial expansion.
- Postponed due to economic crisis (1873-79).
- The conflict between Louis Riel and the federal government over land rights ended with Riel's execution in 1885.
- The event caused division amongst Canadian citizens, with some viewing Riel as a hero and others as a traitor.
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Description
Explore the Canadian National Policy established by John A. Macdonald and its effects on the nation's economy and immigration patterns. Learn about the goals of increasing tariffs, expanding the railway system, and promoting immigration to support the country's development. Discover the challenges Canada faced from 1840 to 1896 regarding population stability and emigration.
