Canadian Federalism & Public Policy

Which of the following best describes the division of social policy powers between the federal and provincial governments in Canada, as influenced by the constitution and court decisions?

In the context of Canadian federalism and social policy, what does 'spending power' refer to?

Which of the following is an example of classical federalism in the context of social policy in Canada?

What characterizes 'shared cost federalism' in the context of Canadian social policy?

Which of the following best describes 'joint decision federalism' in Canada, as it relates to social policy?

How did the introduction of universal hospital insurance in Canada during the mid-20th century exemplify shared cost federalism?

How did the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) influence social assistance programs in Canada?

What was the key outcome of provinces seeking control over survivor and disability benefits within the Canada Pension Plan (CPP)?

How did federal retrenchment of funding in healthcare during the 1990s and 2000s impact Canadian federalism?

Which of the following is an example of 'classical federalism' during the 1990s-2000s?

What was the significance of the 1977 Established Program Financing (EPF) agreement regarding healthcare and post-secondary education?

How do the Harper Conservatives' and Trudeau Liberals' approaches to provincial healthcare differ, particularly in terms of funding and private services?

What change pertaining to CPP/QPP occurred in 2016?

How does joint decision-making within the CPP/QPP affect the program's vulnerability to political pressures?

Why do international climate commitments strain Canadian federalism?

How do variations in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across different regions of Canada affect environmental policy?

How did the approach to climate policy differ between the Harper and Trudeau governments in Canada?

What federal environmental policy did the Trudeau government introduce?

What were some key provincial reactions to the Trudeau government's carbon pricing policy?

How did the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion impact federal-provincial relations under the Trudeau government?

How did the election of different political parties in provinces like Alberta, Ontario and Manitoba affect federal climate policy?

What persistent challenge hinders Canada’s ability to reduce emissions, according to the provided information?

Which factor contributes to the persistent problem of emissions reduction in Canada due to its geography?

Aside from resistance from O&G producers, which of the following factors increases difficulties in emissions reduction?

What is a factor that has impact to failure to reduce emissions pertaining to the US?

Which crucial element was achieved through the Constitution Act of 1982?

The '7/50 formula' within Canadian constitutional amendments requires agreement from which entities?

What characterized the federal government's initial approach to constitutional patriation under Pierre Trudeau?

What was the primary goal of the 'Gang of 8' provinces in the context of constitutional patriation?

How does the requirement for unanimous provincial consent affect amending the Canadian constitution?

In the context of failed constitutional negotiations, what made the 1964 Fulton-Favreau formula significant?

What was the 'Kitchen Accord' during the constitutional negotiations leading up to patriation?

What distinguishes a 'unilateral federal procedure' for amending the constitution from other procedures?

How did the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) influence the patriation of the constitution?

Which of the following best describes the effect of provincial challenges to unilateral patriation in courts?

What is the status of aboriginal rights following the 1982 Constitution Act?

Why was provincial unanimity difficult to achieve in amending the constitution?

How does the bilateral procedure for constitutional amendments apply?

Which previous charter served as an basis for Trudeau that includded regional vetoes?

Why did some worry about the the nature of making QC-led changes?

When Trudeau threatened a referendum during negotiations what was the intial reaction?

Outside the 7/50 and unanimity procedure, which is the remaining valid amendment procedure?

What constitutes equality that is exempt from s.33 override?

What important action did the British Select Committee on Foreign Affairs' do?

What happened after Levesque won the 1981 election?

Which constitutional section grants the federal government the authority to levy taxes in Canada?

How can frequent changes in fiscal arrangements be described in the context of Canadian federalism?

Which of the following is a critique of the federal government's use of 'spending power'?

Which type of taxation is typically shared between the federal and provincial governments in Canada?

What is the primary purpose of fiscal transfer/equalization programs in Canada?

In the context of fiscal federalism, what does the 'vertical gap' refer to?

Which method is most commonly used to reduce the fiscal gap between the federal government and the provinces?

What is the main goal of most federations concerning horizontal imbalance?

Approximately what percentage of federal transfers to provinces are unconditional?

What distinguishes the Canada Health Transfer (CHT) and Canada Social Transfer (CST) concerning national standards?

How are federal transfer payments to provinces typically funded?

What criterion determines federal financial assistance through the Fiscal Stabilization Program?

How does the Territorial Funding Formula (TFF) account for the unique circumstances of Canada's territories?

How are Indigenous governments and organizations primarily funded in Canada?

What is a key challenge associated with the complexity of fiscal federalism in Canada?

What characterized the 'shared cost/cooperative federalism' era in Canada during 1950-1976?

What was a significant outcome of the 1977 Established Programs Financing (EPF)?

What was the main focus of the 2004 healthcare accord signed by all first ministers?

How did the Harper government (2006-2015) approach fiscal imbalances between provinces?

What was a notable feature of the Trudeau government's approach to healthcare funding after 2015?

Which vision of Canadian federalism emphasizes decentralized powers and equal status among provinces?

Which political vision emphasizes a 'nation-to-nation' relationship with Indigenous peoples?

Which federalism period is characterized by significant Supreme Court of Canada decisions and the Constitution Act of 1982?

What characterizes the collaborative federalism era (1980s-2006) in Canadian intergovernmental relations?

What was a key feature of the Harper government's approach ('open federalism') to federal-provincial relations?

How did the Harper government aim to change the nature of federal transfers to provinces?

Which initiative reflects Justin Trudeau's approach to cooperative federalism?

What was a distinguishing factor of intergovernmental relations under Justin Trudeau compared to the Harper era?

Which agreement is not generally associated with the collaborative federalism era of the 1980s-2006?

In the context of intergovernmental relations (IGR) in Canada, what does the term 'oscillations' refer to?

Which vision of Canada seeks to build a 'one bilingual, multicultural, pan-state nation'?

Which vision of Canadian federalism is most closely aligned with the concept of 'Charter Canadians'?

What is the likely outcome of few formal or constitutional institutions existing to shape Indigenous actors?

Which period of federalism saw the growth of the welfare state?

What has been an issue with Justin Trudeau's approach to intergovernmental relations?

What is a key aspect of the 'provincial equality' perspective regarding the distribution of powers in Canada?

What distinguishes the multinational perspective in Canadian federalism from the pan-Canadian perspective?

How did the emphasis of collaboration relate to federal powers?

What made the Harper government have a 'disdain for public multilateral meetings'?

Beyond climate change, what other item did Justin Trudeau's government use to build cooperative federalism?

Which of the following best describes the role of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in Canadian federalism before 1949?

In Canadian constitutional law, what does the term ultra vires generally signify?

The Anti-Inflation Reference (1976) was a significant case concerning the extent and powers of what?

What was a key determination in the Patriation Reference (1981)?

In the Reference Re: Quebec Sovereignty (1998), what was the Supreme Court of Canada's view on Quebec's unilateral secession under the Canadian Constitution?

How did the Supreme Court frame the requirements for a potential Quebec secession following the Quebec Secession Reference?

In Crown Zellerbach (1988), what was the primary legal issue concerning the application of the Ocean Dumping Control Act (ODCA)?

The Crown Zellerbach case (1988) is most noted for its impact on the interpretation and application of which constitutional doctrine?

What were the key criteria identified in Crown Zellerbach (1988) for a matter to fall under the federal government's National Concern Doctrine?

In the Firearms Reference (2000), what was the primary basis upon which the federal government argued the validity of the Firearms Act?

What was the main question before the court in the Firearms Reference (2000)?

What was the disposition of the Firearms Reference (2000) by the Supreme Court of Canada?

In the context of the Reference Re: Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (2021), what was the primary constitutional question?

According to the majority decision in the Reference Re: Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (2021), under what constitutional basis was the Act deemed valid?

In the Carbon Tax Reference (2021), what was the perspective of the dissenting judges regarding the constitutionality of the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act?

In the Impact Assessment Act Reference (2023), what was the main issue addressed by the Supreme Court of Canada?

What was the disposition in the Impact Assessment Act Reference (2023)?

Which of the following best describes the 'Peace, Order, and Good Government' (POGG) clause in the Constitution Act, 1867?

Which area falls primarily under provincial jurisdiction according to the Constitution Act, 1867?

Which of the following is an example of a historical development that has reshaped the nature and scope of federal/provincial relations in Canada?

What characterizes the 'National Emergency Doctrine' as it relates to the federal government's powers?

What did the Supreme Court emphasize regarding the requirement for a Quebec secession in the Quebec Secession Reference?

After the Quebec Secession Reference what were some things the debate between sovereignists and federalists was centered on?

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's decision in the Crown Zellerbach case?

What does singleness, distinctiveness, and indivisibility mean in the context of the National concern doctrine?

Why did the crown decide to appeal the Alberta Court decision?

Why did Supreme court deem the Firearms act Intra Vires?

What would be the argument for the province when challenging the Greenhouse gas act according to the Constiution?

What did Wagner CJ say about provinces that meet the “GHG pricing backstop”?

In the Impact Assessment Act Reference (2023), how did Wagner CJ view this proposed legislation?

According to historical documents what allocations are given to federal governments under Constitution Act 1867?

According to the constitution which is Not an allocation to provincial governments?

In past legal cases why was the Ultra Vires argument used?

Historically in relation to the POGG power what has the JCPC done over time?

Following Quebec's 1995 referendum, what was one group that argued alongside the federal government?

What was Fowler v. The Queen significant in?

Based on the lectures, what are new matters or those of national concern?

What side did most of the Attorneys general side with during the Impact Assessment Act Reference (2023)?

Wagner CJ was one of the Justices in Justices [7], who else was one of the other named justices?

In the Crown Zellerbach case (1988), what was the British Columbia court of Appeal's decision regarding the Ocean Dumping Control Act?

Which of the following considerations did the Supreme Court emphasize in the Quebec Secession Reference regarding a potential secession?

In the Firearms Reference (2000), what was the ultimate disposition of the appeal regarding the validity of the Firearms Act?

In the context of division of powers, what is the significance of Sections 91 and 92 in the Constitution Act, 1867?

In the Anti-Inflation Reference (1976), what was the key constitutional issue addressed by the Supreme Court of Canada?

What critical element that is frequently part of judicial review was not achieved in the Patriation Reference (1981)?

What are some considerations as part of the 'provincial inability test' used to find the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act intra vires?

Building on previous Supreme Court cases, what criteria needs to be considered when invoking the national concern doctrine?

What restrictions are imposed when applying what is constitutionalized in Section 92?

In the Impact Assessment Act Reference (2023), what was the justification for finding the IAA ultra vires?

In a system of coordinate or dual federalism, how are policy-making responsibilities typically divided?

Which principle guides the assignment of powers in a federation according to A.V. Dicey?

What is the main characteristic of 'administrative federalism'?

In federal systems, what does the concept of 'residual powers' typically refer to?

How does the principle of subsidiarity, as adopted by the EU, aim to manage concurrency and centralization?

What is a key characteristic of the German administrative federalism model?

Which of the following exemplifies the concept of 'concurrent powers' in a federal system?

What is the significance of Section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867 in Canada?

How do ambiguities in the division of powers contribute to a 'centralizing trend' within federal systems?

In federal systems, what mechanism is typically used to resolve conflicts arising from concurrent powers?

What is the role of the Bundesrat in the German federal system?

How does judicial interpretation impact the division of powers in federations?

In what respect does the EU's approach to federalism differ most significantly from that of traditional federations?

How do local ‘social’ matters typically factor into the division of powers in a federation?

Which factor has historically offset the centralized intentions present in the Canadian Constitution?

What characteristic separates Germany from other Federations concerning power?

Which of the following best describes the result for Spain when devolving from a unitary state??

Of the "Triad" in EU power, which of the following is part of the triad?

Which of the following may result from ambiguities relating to the division of powers?

Which of the following is a modern issue affecting the enumeration of powers??