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Questions and Answers
What is a key benefit of implementing evidence-based decisions when choosing to respond to a mental health crisis with CRTs?
What is a key benefit of implementing evidence-based decisions when choosing to respond to a mental health crisis with CRTs?
What is a potential consequence of the low survey response rate in this study?
What is a potential consequence of the low survey response rate in this study?
What is a major challenge identified in the text that CRTs face in the Canadian context?
What is a major challenge identified in the text that CRTs face in the Canadian context?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the study acknowledged in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the study acknowledged in the text?
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What is the primary goal of the present study as described in the Conclusion section?
What is the primary goal of the present study as described in the Conclusion section?
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What is a potential consequence of the wide variation in CRT composition across Canadian jurisdictions?
What is a potential consequence of the wide variation in CRT composition across Canadian jurisdictions?
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What is the primary purpose of the study's findings as described in the Conclusion?
What is the primary purpose of the study's findings as described in the Conclusion?
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What is the authors' main argument regarding the importance of further research on CRTs in Canada?
What is the authors' main argument regarding the importance of further research on CRTs in Canada?
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What is a key factor that makes the study's findings exploratory and needing confirmation through further research?
What is a key factor that makes the study's findings exploratory and needing confirmation through further research?
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What is a potential positive implication of CRTs being effective and potentially cost-cutting, as discussed in the text?
What is a potential positive implication of CRTs being effective and potentially cost-cutting, as discussed in the text?
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Which of the following challenges regarding mental health support is NOT mentioned in the text?
Which of the following challenges regarding mental health support is NOT mentioned in the text?
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Based on the text, why is the high transient population a challenge for effective mental health support?
Based on the text, why is the high transient population a challenge for effective mental health support?
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Which of the following is identified as a potential cause for the increase in calls for service (CFS) related to mental health?
Which of the following is identified as a potential cause for the increase in calls for service (CFS) related to mental health?
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What is a common consequence of a lack of resources for individuals who do not meet the criteria for apprehension under the Mental Health Act?
What is a common consequence of a lack of resources for individuals who do not meet the criteria for apprehension under the Mental Health Act?
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The text mentions that the high number of Chronic Calls for Service (CFS) can lead to frustration for officers. What is the main reason for this frustration?
The text mentions that the high number of Chronic Calls for Service (CFS) can lead to frustration for officers. What is the main reason for this frustration?
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What does the text suggest is a challenge related to the availability of mental health practitioners?
What does the text suggest is a challenge related to the availability of mental health practitioners?
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Based on the text, what is a potential factor contributing to the high number of Calls for Service (CFS) related to mental health?
Based on the text, what is a potential factor contributing to the high number of Calls for Service (CFS) related to mental health?
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What is a challenge that police officers often face when dealing with individuals apprehended under the Mental Health Act?
What is a challenge that police officers often face when dealing with individuals apprehended under the Mental Health Act?
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What does the text suggest is a common consequence of a lack of community-based mental health services?
What does the text suggest is a common consequence of a lack of community-based mental health services?
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What is the primary reason cited in the text for the difficulty in providing adequate care to transient individuals with mental health issues?
What is the primary reason cited in the text for the difficulty in providing adequate care to transient individuals with mental health issues?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential solution to the challenges outlined in the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential solution to the challenges outlined in the text?
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What does the text suggest is a significant factor in making it challenging to help individuals with mental illness stabilize in the community?
What does the text suggest is a significant factor in making it challenging to help individuals with mental illness stabilize in the community?
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What does the text suggest is a challenge faced by police officers in regards to the local hospitals' capacity to handle mental health cases?
What does the text suggest is a challenge faced by police officers in regards to the local hospitals' capacity to handle mental health cases?
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What does the text suggest is a challenge faced by police officers in coordinating with mental health professionals during calls for service?
What does the text suggest is a challenge faced by police officers in coordinating with mental health professionals during calls for service?
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What is a key factor that influences the effectiveness of mental health support in a community?
What is a key factor that influences the effectiveness of mental health support in a community?
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What percentage of Canadian police services indicated they have a Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) or Crisis Response Team (CRT)?
What percentage of Canadian police services indicated they have a Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) or Crisis Response Team (CRT)?
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How many police services deploy their CRT as an officer-mental health practitioner pair?
How many police services deploy their CRT as an officer-mental health practitioner pair?
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What variety of deployment options exist among the services regarding CRT and CIT?
What variety of deployment options exist among the services regarding CRT and CIT?
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What proportion of services indicated that officers can either volunteer or be assigned to CRT/CIT positions?
What proportion of services indicated that officers can either volunteer or be assigned to CRT/CIT positions?
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What is the response rate of frontline requests for CIT/CRT services?
What is the response rate of frontline requests for CIT/CRT services?
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What percentage of services mentioned that officers remain on their CIT or CRT indefinitely?
What percentage of services mentioned that officers remain on their CIT or CRT indefinitely?
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How many unique response types were deployed by the 17 services with a CIT/CRT?
How many unique response types were deployed by the 17 services with a CIT/CRT?
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What is the perceived percentage of chronic and high calls for service according to the interview participants?
What is the perceived percentage of chronic and high calls for service according to the interview participants?
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What was the average wait time for individuals to see a psychiatrist as noted by officers?
What was the average wait time for individuals to see a psychiatrist as noted by officers?
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How many of the services mentioned have a Crisis Intervention Team available 24 hours a day?
How many of the services mentioned have a Crisis Intervention Team available 24 hours a day?
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What percentage of officers indicated that their crisis response teams are available only 40% of the time?
What percentage of officers indicated that their crisis response teams are available only 40% of the time?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for limited CRT staffing?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for limited CRT staffing?
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What is the average wait time mentioned for transferring custody of an individual to a hospital?
What is the average wait time mentioned for transferring custody of an individual to a hospital?
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What challenge regarding CRTs was highlighted by two officers concerning sizable jurisdictions?
What challenge regarding CRTs was highlighted by two officers concerning sizable jurisdictions?
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Why do officers believe more research is necessary regarding the effectiveness of CRTs?
Why do officers believe more research is necessary regarding the effectiveness of CRTs?
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What was noted as a common factor influencing the hours of operation for CRTs?
What was noted as a common factor influencing the hours of operation for CRTs?
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What percentage of survey respondents reported wait times of 4-5 hours for hospital transfers?
What percentage of survey respondents reported wait times of 4-5 hours for hospital transfers?
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Which factor was highlighted as a necessary collaboration for improving CRT effectiveness?
Which factor was highlighted as a necessary collaboration for improving CRT effectiveness?
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What issue is reported in relation to the availability of a psychiatrist for crisis response teams?
What issue is reported in relation to the availability of a psychiatrist for crisis response teams?
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What did one officer say about the overall investment in their CRT?
What did one officer say about the overall investment in their CRT?
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Which of the following is mentioned as a reason why police studies are hard to access?
Which of the following is mentioned as a reason why police studies are hard to access?
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What is the most common deployment structure among police services with Crisis Response Teams (CRTs) in Canada?
What is the most common deployment structure among police services with Crisis Response Teams (CRTs) in Canada?
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Which factor is NOT identified as a challenge faced by Crisis Response Teams (CRTs) in Canada?
Which factor is NOT identified as a challenge faced by Crisis Response Teams (CRTs) in Canada?
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What recommendation has been emphasized to improve police-Persons with Mental Illness (PwPMI) interactions?
What recommendation has been emphasized to improve police-Persons with Mental Illness (PwPMI) interactions?
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What do studies indicate about officers who volunteer for CRT positions?
What do studies indicate about officers who volunteer for CRT positions?
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How is the deployment of some CRTs described in the context of the study?
How is the deployment of some CRTs described in the context of the study?
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Which of the following is a significant gap in the literature concerning CRTs in Canada?
Which of the following is a significant gap in the literature concerning CRTs in Canada?
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What is suggested as a plausible solution to funding issues for CRTs?
What is suggested as a plausible solution to funding issues for CRTs?
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What deployment model is identified as a challenge for police responses?
What deployment model is identified as a challenge for police responses?
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Which of the following data is mentioned regarding police expenditures in Canada?
Which of the following data is mentioned regarding police expenditures in Canada?
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Which jurisdiction is NOT mentioned as having available peer-reviewed evidence on CRTs?
Which jurisdiction is NOT mentioned as having available peer-reviewed evidence on CRTs?
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What is implied about officers who deployed CRTs on a secondary response?
What is implied about officers who deployed CRTs on a secondary response?
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What is considered an implication of high and chronic calls for service (CFS)?
What is considered an implication of high and chronic calls for service (CFS)?
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What aspect of Canadian policing is highlighted as creating difficulty in expanding CRT services?
What aspect of Canadian policing is highlighted as creating difficulty in expanding CRT services?
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Study Notes
Canadian CIT/CRT Deployment and Composition
- 17 of 23 Canadian police services (76%) have implemented CIT or CRTs.
- Most common deployment is an officer-mental health practitioner pair (53%).
- Other deployments include on-call crisis teams (12%), combined pair and crisis teams (12%), a CRT and CIT combination (6%), and hybrid CRT/liaison or client-response roles (17%).
- Most (80%) CRT/CIT responses are requested by frontline officers.
- Some responses are a first response (15% CRT, 5% CIT).
- Officer assignment/volunteering to CIT/CRT roles varies:
- 12% volunteer
- 35% assigned
- 35% can volunteer or be assigned
- Officer rotation after CIT/CRT positions:
- 47% rotated
- 29% remain indefinitely
Perceived Challenges of Canadian CRTs
-
High Calls for Service (CFS):
- Mental health crises are increasing, potentially accounting for 5-20% of all calls.
- CFS often take significant time (up to 4 hours), leading to frustration.
- Repeated calls for the same individuals are common and problematic.
-
Chronic Calls: Issues arise with individuals who are frequent callers. Holding individuals often involves involuntary psychiatric treatment and hospital transport, and frequent releases for those individuals.
-
Transient Population: High transient populations make care provision difficult. Individuals move between jurisdictions, making care coordination a challenge.
-
Lack of Social Supports and Resources:
- Limited hospital resources (e.g. space) can hinder management of individuals.
- In some cases, individuals needing support are sent to hospitals outside their jurisdiction due to lack of local facility capacity.
- For individuals not requiring detention, lack of community-based mental health services and safe spaces may lead to individuals needing basic support.
-
Lack of availability for mental health practitioners: Practitioners often lack cell phones, are tied up in appointments or have rigid schedules.
-
Long Hospital Wait Times:
- Average wait times for hospital transfer can range from 2.5 hours to 4-6 hours.
- 65% of surveyed services experience a 2-3 hour wait time.
- Additional information: 24% experience a 0-1 hour wait time, and 12% experience a 4-5 hour wait time.
-
CRT Effectiveness Evidence:
- Limited data sharing and peer-reviewed evidence regarding CRTs and CITs, especially in Canada.
- Existing research for CRTs is generally limited and often concentrated in specific jurisdictions.
Study Limitations
- Not all Canadian police services participated in the study because of the criteria.
- Rural and French-speaking services might have very different results compared to the ones studied.
- RCMP and provincial police services were excluded.
- Standardized survey questions may have restricted in-depth discussion on individual experiences.
- Low response rates in the survey can impact conclusions.
Study Conclusion
- Many Canadian police services utilize CIT/CRTs, but deployment varies.
- Perceived challenges impede effective CIT/CRT operations, including high/chronic service calls, limited social supports/resources and practitioners' availability, staffing, and funding issues along with hospital wait times.
- More research is recommended to evaluate CRT composition, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. This research will also validate the findings of the study.
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Description
Explore the deployment and composition of Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) and Crisis Response Teams (CRT) in Canadian police services. This quiz covers statistics on team compositions, officer roles, and challenges faced by these teams in responding to mental health crises.