Canadian CIT/CRT Deployment Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key benefit of implementing evidence-based decisions when choosing to respond to a mental health crisis with CRTs?

  • Potentially decreasing the cost of policing by reducing chronic interactions and CFS (correct)
  • Eliminating all concerns regarding the economics of policing
  • Increasing public trust in law enforcement by demonstrating a commitment to evidence-based practices
  • Ensuring that all police services adopt the same CRT model for consistency in responding to mental health crises
  • What is a potential consequence of the low survey response rate in this study?

  • It prevented the study from examining the impact of CRTs on reported crime rates in Canada.
  • It led to a higher proportion of rural and French-speaking police services being included in the sample.
  • It weakened the study's ability to understand the full range of challenges faced by CRTs in Canada. (correct)
  • It increased the likelihood of finding significant differences in CRT models across different jurisdictions.
  • What is a major challenge identified in the text that CRTs face in the Canadian context?

  • A lack of standardized training for CRT personnel across different jurisdictions
  • High and persistent calls for service (CFS) that strain resources and limit the effectiveness of CRTs (correct)
  • A perception that CRTs are not effective in de-escalating mental health crises and are a waste of resources
  • The absence of clear guidelines for when to use CRTs instead of traditional police responses
  • Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the study acknowledged in the text?

    <p>The lack of data on the impact of CRTs on crime rates and victim satisfaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the present study as described in the Conclusion section?

    <p>To assess the prevalence and composition of CITs and CRTs in Canada and identify perceived challenges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the wide variation in CRT composition across Canadian jurisdictions?

    <p>It makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of CRTs and compare findings across jurisdictions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the study's findings as described in the Conclusion?

    <p>To suggest that further research is needed to improve our understanding of CRTs in Canada (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the authors' main argument regarding the importance of further research on CRTs in Canada?

    <p>To identify optimal CRT compositions and address perceived challenges for their effective deployment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that makes the study's findings exploratory and needing confirmation through further research?

    <p>The limited sample size and low survey response rate, which may not accurately reflect the Canadian context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential positive implication of CRTs being effective and potentially cost-cutting, as discussed in the text?

    <p>It could result in increased funding for CRTs, enabling further expansion and addressing challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following challenges regarding mental health support is NOT mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of support from family and friends for individuals with mental illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, why is the high transient population a challenge for effective mental health support?

    <p>It's difficult to track and provide consistent care to individuals who move frequently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is identified as a potential cause for the increase in calls for service (CFS) related to mental health?

    <p>An increase in awareness and reporting of mental health crises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of a lack of resources for individuals who do not meet the criteria for apprehension under the Mental Health Act?

    <p>They are often left to wander the streets with limited support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text mentions that the high number of Chronic Calls for Service (CFS) can lead to frustration for officers. What is the main reason for this frustration?

    <p>Officers feel overwhelmed by the repetitive nature of these calls. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is a challenge related to the availability of mental health practitioners?

    <p>Mental health practitioners often have inflexible schedules and limited availability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is a potential factor contributing to the high number of Calls for Service (CFS) related to mental health?

    <p>An increase in the prevalence of mental illness in the population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge that police officers often face when dealing with individuals apprehended under the Mental Health Act?

    <p>The limited availability of psychiatric beds in hospitals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is a common consequence of a lack of community-based mental health services?

    <p>Individuals with mental illness are often left with nowhere to go for support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason cited in the text for the difficulty in providing adequate care to transient individuals with mental health issues?

    <p>Transient individuals may be under the jurisdiction of different health authorities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential solution to the challenges outlined in the text?

    <p>Implementing harsher penalties for individuals who commit crimes while experiencing a mental health crisis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is a significant factor in making it challenging to help individuals with mental illness stabilize in the community?

    <p>The lack of social support networks for these individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is a challenge faced by police officers in regards to the local hospitals' capacity to handle mental health cases?

    <p>Hospitals are often overcrowded and struggle to accommodate new patients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is a challenge faced by police officers in coordinating with mental health professionals during calls for service?

    <p>Mental health professionals are often unavailable to respond to calls due to scheduling conflicts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that influences the effectiveness of mental health support in a community?

    <p>The availability and accessibility of basic necessities like housing and food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Canadian police services indicated they have a Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) or Crisis Response Team (CRT)?

    <p>76% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many police services deploy their CRT as an officer-mental health practitioner pair?

    <p>Nine services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What variety of deployment options exist among the services regarding CRT and CIT?

    <p>A combination of officer pair and on-call teams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of services indicated that officers can either volunteer or be assigned to CRT/CIT positions?

    <p>35% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response rate of frontline requests for CIT/CRT services?

    <p>80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of services mentioned that officers remain on their CIT or CRT indefinitely?

    <p>29% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many unique response types were deployed by the 17 services with a CIT/CRT?

    <p>20 unique responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the perceived percentage of chronic and high calls for service according to the interview participants?

    <p>43.5% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average wait time for individuals to see a psychiatrist as noted by officers?

    <p>6-12 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many of the services mentioned have a Crisis Intervention Team available 24 hours a day?

    <p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of officers indicated that their crisis response teams are available only 40% of the time?

    <p>40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for limited CRT staffing?

    <p>Insufficient training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average wait time mentioned for transferring custody of an individual to a hospital?

    <p>2-3 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge regarding CRTs was highlighted by two officers concerning sizable jurisdictions?

    <p>Level of service from the CRT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do officers believe more research is necessary regarding the effectiveness of CRTs?

    <p>To demonstrate evidence-based practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was noted as a common factor influencing the hours of operation for CRTs?

    <p>Call frequency analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of survey respondents reported wait times of 4-5 hours for hospital transfers?

    <p>12% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor was highlighted as a necessary collaboration for improving CRT effectiveness?

    <p>Research partnerships with academia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is reported in relation to the availability of a psychiatrist for crisis response teams?

    <p>Restricted hours of operation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did one officer say about the overall investment in their CRT?

    <p>It is not as effective as expected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is mentioned as a reason why police studies are hard to access?

    <p>Poor data-sharing practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common deployment structure among police services with Crisis Response Teams (CRTs) in Canada?

    <p>Officer-mental health practitioner pair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT identified as a challenge faced by Crisis Response Teams (CRTs) in Canada?

    <p>Lack of evidence-based outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recommendation has been emphasized to improve police-Persons with Mental Illness (PwPMI) interactions?

    <p>Increase the deployment of CRTs at police organizations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do studies indicate about officers who volunteer for CRT positions?

    <p>They have better attitudes, skills, and behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the deployment of some CRTs described in the context of the study?

    <p>As a first response strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant gap in the literature concerning CRTs in Canada?

    <p>Optimal deployment hours and response strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a plausible solution to funding issues for CRTs?

    <p>Conducting further research to build evidence base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deployment model is identified as a challenge for police responses?

    <p>Lack of a 24-hour deployment model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following data is mentioned regarding police expenditures in Canada?

    <p>Expenditures have nearly doubled in the last 20 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which jurisdiction is NOT mentioned as having available peer-reviewed evidence on CRTs?

    <p>Vancouver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about officers who deployed CRTs on a secondary response?

    <p>They are less capable than first responders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an implication of high and chronic calls for service (CFS)?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of CRTs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Canadian policing is highlighted as creating difficulty in expanding CRT services?

    <p>High police expenditures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Canadian CIT/CRT Deployment and Composition

    • 17 of 23 Canadian police services (76%) have implemented CIT or CRTs.
    • Most common deployment is an officer-mental health practitioner pair (53%).
    • Other deployments include on-call crisis teams (12%), combined pair and crisis teams (12%), a CRT and CIT combination (6%), and hybrid CRT/liaison or client-response roles (17%).
    • Most (80%) CRT/CIT responses are requested by frontline officers.
    • Some responses are a first response (15% CRT, 5% CIT).
    • Officer assignment/volunteering to CIT/CRT roles varies:
      • 12% volunteer
      • 35% assigned
      • 35% can volunteer or be assigned
    • Officer rotation after CIT/CRT positions:
      • 47% rotated
      • 29% remain indefinitely

    Perceived Challenges of Canadian CRTs

    • High Calls for Service (CFS):

      • Mental health crises are increasing, potentially accounting for 5-20% of all calls.
      • CFS often take significant time (up to 4 hours), leading to frustration.
      • Repeated calls for the same individuals are common and problematic.
    • Chronic Calls: Issues arise with individuals who are frequent callers. Holding individuals often involves involuntary psychiatric treatment and hospital transport, and frequent releases for those individuals. 

    • Transient Population: High transient populations make care provision difficult. Individuals move between jurisdictions, making care coordination a challenge.

    • Lack of Social Supports and Resources:

      • Limited hospital resources (e.g. space) can hinder management of individuals.
      • In some cases, individuals needing support are sent to hospitals outside their jurisdiction due to lack of local facility capacity.
      • For individuals not requiring detention, lack of community-based mental health services and safe spaces may lead to individuals needing basic support.
    • Lack of availability for mental health practitioners: Practitioners often lack cell phones, are tied up in appointments or have rigid schedules.

    • Long Hospital Wait Times:

      • Average wait times for hospital transfer can range from 2.5 hours to 4-6 hours.
      • 65% of surveyed services experience a 2-3 hour wait time. 
      • Additional information: 24% experience a 0-1 hour wait time, and 12% experience a 4-5 hour wait time.
    • CRT Effectiveness Evidence:

      • Limited data sharing and peer-reviewed evidence regarding CRTs and CITs, especially in Canada.
      • Existing research for CRTs is generally limited and often concentrated in specific jurisdictions.

    Study Limitations

    • Not all Canadian police services participated in the study because of the criteria.
      • Rural and French-speaking services might have very different results compared to the ones studied.
    • RCMP and provincial police services were excluded.
    • Standardized survey questions may have restricted in-depth discussion on individual experiences.
    • Low response rates in the survey can impact conclusions.

    Study Conclusion

    • Many Canadian police services utilize CIT/CRTs, but deployment varies.
    • Perceived challenges impede effective CIT/CRT operations, including high/chronic service calls, limited social supports/resources and practitioners' availability, staffing, and funding issues along with hospital wait times.
    • More research is recommended to evaluate CRT composition, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. This research will also validate the findings of the study.

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    Description

    Explore the deployment and composition of Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) and Crisis Response Teams (CRT) in Canadian police services. This quiz covers statistics on team compositions, officer roles, and challenges faced by these teams in responding to mental health crises.

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