Canada's Healthcare System Overview
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Canada's Healthcare System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of the social insurance model of healthcare funding?

  • It uses government subsidies exclusively.
  • Premiums are often linked to a person’s income. (correct)
  • It is limited to public sector jobs.
  • It relies on voluntary contributions.

    • In which countries can citizens choose from multiple insurance providers under the social insurance model?

  • Brazil, India, and Mexico
  • Japan, Germany, and France (correct)
  • United States, Canada, and Australia
  • Norway, Sweden, and Finland

    • Which healthcare funding method is used in Canada for hospital and physician services?

  • Voluntary contributions
  • Private insurance only
  • Out-of-pocket payments
  • General taxes (correct)

    • What type of insurance is mentioned as often funded through social insurance in Canada?

    <p>Drug insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the public health agency is primarily focused on disease prevention?

    <p>Leadership in promoting health initiatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common equity issue in the United States regarding healthcare?

    <p>Wide income disparities affecting coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the chief public health officer play in Canada?

    <p>Advocates for comprehensive health policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What funding sources are listed for healthcare services aside from general taxes in Canada?

    <p>Social insurance and out-of-pocket fees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle ensures that health insurance must cover all medically necessary services?

    <p>Comprehensiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the federal government regarding healthcare in provinces and territories?

    <p>Ensure healthcare workers’ health and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle requires that the healthcare plan must ensure that all insured persons have reasonable access to necessary services?

    <p>Accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle allows insured persons to transfer their insurance when moving to another province or territory?

    <p>Portability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must provincial or territorial health insurance plans be operated on?

    <p>A non-profit basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which principle are all insured persons entitled to health insurance coverage on uniform terms?

    <p>Universality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a federal responsibility regarding healthcare?

    <p>Managing provincial health insurance plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are healthcare costs primarily controlled within the Canadian healthcare system?

    <p>Using public funding and regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of care is primarily determined by the relationship between demand for service and supply?

    <p>Availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'accessibility' in the context of care delivery?

    <p>The geographical relationship between service locations and patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of the 5 A's refers to how services fit the constraints of people needing them?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canada, private delivery services may include which of the following types?

    <p>Charitable and religious organization services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which province is noted for having a mix of private and publicly funded services in the context of healthcare delivery?

    <p>Ontario</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of universal health care when specialized treatment is required?

    <p>Long wait times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of health care is NOT directly addressed by the responsibilities of the health system?

    <p>Promotion of medical research and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are provincial workers’ compensation and health safety programs financed?

    <p>Through social insurance premiums from employers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of overall health care expenditures in Canada was spent on hospital costs, pharmaceuticals, and physician salaries as of 2019?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a responsibility of the health system?

    <p>Defending against health threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge mentioned regarding public health accessibilities?

    <p>Long-term health planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main goals of medicine that is questioned within the content?

    <p>To heal people and do no harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the grading of employer-paid premiums for provincial workers’ compensation?

    <p>Inherent risk of the industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of constraints includes social and cultural factors?

    <p>Social constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern regarding electronic medical and health records?

    <p>Interoperability issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is specifically used for remote medical consultations?

    <p>Telemedicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a factor in reducing the health gap for Indigenous peoples?

    <p>Political representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was designed to influence and advance the health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada?

    <p>National Aboriginal Health Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major barrier to healthcare access for Indigenous populations?

    <p>Lack of socio-economic resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is critical for the effective use of electronic medical records?

    <p>Compatibility between systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used for training healthcare providers remotely?

    <p>Web-based health training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did colonialism have on Indigenous health according to the content?

    <p>Deterioration of Indigenous health over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major constraint affecting health service delivery?

    <p>Psychological constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately happened to the National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO)?

    <p>It was disbanded due to funding cuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the Europeans' arrival that affected Indigenous health?

    <p>Spread of infectious diseases with no immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the social and physical environment factors contributing to health disparities?

    <p>Mental health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integration of Indigenous values in healthcare primarily focuses on what aspect?

    <p>Restoring balance in various health aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Canada's Healthcare System

    • Canada's universal healthcare system is publicly funded and administered through a combination of federal and provincial/territorial responsibilities.
    • Federal government responsibilities:
      • Ensure healthcare workers' health and safety.
      • Set standards for provincial/territorial healthcare systems.
      • Oversee Indigenous and extended peoples' health.
      • Provide funding restraints and contribute to health-related services.
    • Provincial and territorial responsibilities:
      • Administer and operate provincially-funded health insurance plans.
      • Delivering a range of healthcare services.

    Five Principles of the Canada Health Act (1967)

    • Public administration: Health insurance plans must be operated non-profit and accountable to the provincial/territorial government.
    • Comprehensiveness: Plans must include all medically necessary services from hospitals, dentists working within hospitals, and medical practitioners.
    • Universality: Coverage is provided to all insured persons through uniform terms and conditions.
    • Accessibility: Reasonable access to medically necessary services must be provided without financial or other barriers.
    • Portability: Emergency services must be accessible to all insured persons when visiting another province.

    Alternative Models to Social Insurance:

    • General taxes: Funding healthcare through general taxes is the model used in Canada, though hospital and physician services are the only universally funded services.
    • Social insurance: A system where individuals contribute to social insurance funds to cover healthcare expenses.
    • Private insurance: Used by employers to manage healthcare costs and provide supplemental coverage beyond public healthcare.

    Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

    • PHAC promotes and protects the health of Canadians through leadership, partnership, innovation, and action in public health.
    • Key roles of PHAC:
      • Concentrate federal public health resources.
      • Enhance collaboration between different levels of government.
      • Facilitate a faster, more flexible response to emergencies.
      • Improve communication and planning.
    • PHAC focuses on promoting disease prevention and health promotion programmes.

    The Five Who's Responsibilities of Clinician and Health Systems:

    • Improve the health status of individuals, families, and communities.
    • Defend the population against health threats.
    • Protect people from the financial consequences of ill health.
    • Provide equitable access to people-centered care.
    • Improve support systems.

    Costs and Spending:

    • Public healthcare costs are controlled through: Reducing the use of services, improving efficiency, and improving support systems.
    • Healthcare costs are increasing in Canada, reaching $264.4 billion in 2019.
    • Hospital costs, pharmaceuticals, and physician salaries account for nearly 60% of healthcare spending.

    Delivering Care in Canada:

    • Delivery of care varies across the country depending on local demand, resources, and funding structures.
    • Ontario relies on publicly funded but privately administered services.
    • Private delivery sectors include hospitals, long-term care, and community services funded by provinces.
    • Most physicians contract with provincial insurance plans as private service providers.
    • Services not covered by provincial plans may be accessed through private insurance, out-of-pocket payments, or through private practitioners offering services like: physiotherapy, occupational therapy, optometry, podiatry, and psychology.

    Five A's of Ensuring Access to Care:

    • Availability: Relationship between demand for services and their supply.
    • Accessibility: Geographical relationship between locations of service providers and the people who need them.
    • Accommodation: Relationship between the manner of service delivery and the constraints of individuals who need them (physical, social, time, cultural, religious).
    • Affordability: Relationship between the cost of services and the ability of users to pay.
    • Acceptability: The extent to which individuals who need services are comfortable using them.

    Information Technology in Healthcare:

    • Electronic medical and health records (EMHRs): Aim to facilitate the sharing and storage of health information.
    • Interoperability: EMHRs strive for compatibility and data exchange between different systems.
    • Telemedicine (Videoconferencing for medical care): Reduces wait times.
    • Teletraining (Web-based health training for clinicians): Offers podcasts, videocasts, and interactive training programs.

    Health Services for Indigenous Populations:

    • Social norms and historical injustices: Disproportionately impacted indigenous health through isolation, lack of access, and cultural sensitivity in healthcare systems.
    • Coordination and cultural awareness: Services often lack coordination, are staffed by non-indigenous people, and may not be responsive to community needs.
    • Traditional indigenous teachings: Emphasize balance between physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health through connection to the environment.
    • The health gap: Indigenous populations experience a broader health gap compared to the rest of Canada.
    • Reducing the gap: Requires addressing employment opportunities, income, education, housing, sanitation, and cultural preservation.
    • NAHO (National Aboriginal Health Organisation): Founded in 2000 to advocate for the health and well-being of Aboriginal peoples. Funding cuts led to its disbanding in 2012.

    Occupational Health and Safety:

    • Ensuring healthy working environments.
    • Occupational health introspective of workforces.
    • Federal legislation regulates certain workforces to ensure health and safety.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of Canada's healthcare system, highlighting the roles of both federal and provincial governments. Learn about the key principles outlined in the Canada Health Act of 1967 that govern healthcare delivery across the nation.

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