Canada Week 4 Study Notes

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Questions and Answers

What are some of the components of a culture?

  • Values, Customs, Marriage, Government, Games and Leisure, Economy and Trade, Language, Religion, Institutions, Food (correct)
  • Beliefs, Principles, Holidays, Clothing, Greetings, Food Security, Trading Partners, Workforce, Main Jobs, Symbols, Religions, Education, Government
  • None of the above
  • All of the above

What is the second largest country in land mass?

Canada

What country has the most time zones in the world?

France

Which of these countries do NOT border the Arctic Ocean?

<p>China (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), which extend up to 200 miles beyond the coast, includes the North Pole itself.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these geographical regions are present in Canada?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the geographic region encompassing the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba?

<p>Prairie Provinces</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word 'Indigenous' is often used to refer to the original inhabitants of Canada. What is the term to describe these specific people in Canada?

<p>First Nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Métis' can refer to a distinct cultural group in Canada, that emerged from the intermarriages of European fur traders and Indigenous women.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was a document issued by the British government that declared the Indigenous peoples as the rightful owners of their lands, and established a system to protect them from further encroachment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Act introduced in Canada that led to the forced removal of children from their Indigenous families and communities, placing them in residential schools, where they were subjected to assimilation and cultural suppression?

<p>The Indian Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are part of the legacy of the residential school system?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the organization that conducted the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?

<p>Truth and Reconciliation Commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first Canadian flag, also known as the Dominion Flag?

<p>The Maple Leaf Flag</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canada, is the border between Canada and the US represented by a specific geographical line? If so, which one?

<p>The 49th Parallel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are considered natural resources found in Canada?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The southernmost point of Canada is known as Pelee Island.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canadian culture can be described as multicultural with a democratic system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canada's healthcare system follows a universal model.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canada is a member of the Commonwealth group of nations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are aspects of Canadian culture?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canadians are often seen as peaceful, friendly, courteous, and accepting of differences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the group of seven Canadian artists famous for?

<p>Canadian landscape painting</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most popular sport in Canada is hockey.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are considered Canadian specialties?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are considered Canadian beverages?

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are considered Canadian Snack Foods?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Canadian province best known for its salmon?

<p>British Columbia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Canadian province best known for its wheat, wild rice, beef, berries, and a strong Ukrainian influence?

<p>Saskatchewan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Canadian province best known for its pork, fruits, vegetables, wine, cheese, maple syrup, and corn?

<p>Ontario</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Canadian province best known for its seafood and potatoes?

<p>Prince Edward Island</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hockey is not a popular sport in Canada.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canadians do not embrace multiculturalism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The melting pot model describes the Canadian approach to the integration of different cultures, where individuals are expected to assimilate into a dominant culture, losing their own cultural identities in the process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Canadian flag features a single red maple leaf on white background, with a red bar on each side and a blue bar on top.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary factor that led to a decline in the price of sugar?

<p>Overproduction in South America (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main economic factor that influenced the development of the triangular trade system?

<p>The need for cheap labor in sugar production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in the late 1900s led to a revival of bison populations?

<p>The development of bison farming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of indigenous people in managing bison populations before European colonization?

<p>They used controlled hunting practices to maintain the herd (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main route of the triangular trade system?

<p>Caribbean to Europe to Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of sending goods from Europe to Africa in the triangular trade system?

<p>To trade for slaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Europeans impact bison populations?

<p>They hunted bison aggressively, leading to near extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Europeans specifically use rum for in the triangular trade system?

<p>To pay for slaves in Africa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the production of sugar so important in the triangular trade system?

<p>It was a valuable commodity in demand in Europe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Europeans impact food sovereignty in the context of the bison?

<p>They disrupted indigenous food systems by nearly eradicating bison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the depletion of soil in corn farming mentioned in the text?

<p>Intensive monoculture planting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the "Three Sisters" farming method discussed in the text?

<p>It's a traditional method used by indigenous cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Queen Isabella's role in Christopher Columbus's voyages?

<p>She provided financial support for the expedition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the significant impact of European diseases on Indigenous populations in the Americas?

<p>Indigenous people lacked immunity to European diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the large land mass that existed before continents drifted apart?

<p>Pangaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the separation of continents affect biodiversity?

<p>It led to increased biodiversity due to isolation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were most indigenous people susceptible to smallpox after the arrival of Europeans?

<p>Indigenous people had no natural immunity to it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy was primarily responsible for the European takeover of the Americas?

<p>Spread of European diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the Indigenous population of the Americas in the centuries after European contact?

<p>The population declined dramatically due to diseases and violence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the residential school system in Canada?

<p>To assimilate Indigenous children into European culture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of destroying Indigenous food systems, as mentioned in the text?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the buffalo bison to Indigenous people in North America?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main theme discussed in the text?

<p>The impact of European colonization on Indigenous people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best interpretation of the phrase "an outbreak genocide right now", as used in reference to the decline of the Indigenous population in the Americas?

<p>A planned extermination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event did Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas initiate?

<p>The Columbian Exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region was mentioned as having one of the weaker civilizations prior to Columbus?

<p>South America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

<p>A mix of biodiversity between Europe and the Americas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the intended focus of the discussion mentioned in the content?

<p>Examining three major civilizations before Columbus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of history is highlighted as providing insight into current events in the United States?

<p>The historical context of American politics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the speaker imply about the state of the United States today?

<p>It is geopolitically significant and unpredictable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the speaker view the exchange of cultures and biodiversity during the Columbian Exchange?

<p>As a violation of natural separation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the civilizations in the Americas before Columbus, according to the content?

<p>They had notable and complex structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agricultural method involves planting corn, beans, and squash together?

<p>Three Sisters Farming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crop was particularly important to the Irish and led to widespread famine when blighted?

<p>Potato (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient originated from Bolivia and is essential in many cuisines worldwide?

<p>Chili (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of corn makes it unique compared to other plants?

<p>It was purposefully developed through human cultivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Three Sisters Farming method help maintain in the soil?

<p>Soil nutrients through plant decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of urban centers in early civilizations contradicted European assumptions during exploration?

<p>They were highly organized and complex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is corn considered a genetically modified plant in the context of its history?

<p>It is entirely dependent on human cultivation and selection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about early civilizations is true?

<p>They contributed significantly to the development of various crops. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main result of the potato blight in Ireland?

<p>A massive migration to America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Three Sisters Farming help manage water needs of the plants?

<p>By using the squash leaves to retain soil moisture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crop is used as a support for bean plants in the Three Sisters Farming method?

<p>Corn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did ancient civilizations play in shaping European perceptions of the Americas?

<p>They were seen as primitive and uncivilized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a crop typically associated with the Three Sisters method?

<p>Potatoes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do early civilizations contribute to our understanding of agriculture today?

<p>They laid the foundation for sustainable practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Culture Definition

The beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors shared by a group.

Values

Beliefs and principles important to a community's lifestyle.

Customs

Regular practices, rituals, and activities in a culture.

Marriage Types

Forms of marriage such as arranged, free, or same-sex couples.

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Government and Law

The system of governance, including types of government and leadership.

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Economy and Trade

The system of economic interactions, including imports and exports.

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Indigenous Communities

Native peoples of Canada, including First Nations and Inuit.

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Colonialism Definition

Control by one country over another, leading to cultural and social impacts.

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Turtle Island

A name used by some Indigenous people for North America.

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Food Sovereignty

The right of people to define their own food systems and policies.

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The Indian Act

A Canadian law aimed at regulating Indigenous peoples and their affairs.

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Ceded and Unceded Territories

Lands where rights have been given up (ceded) or not surrendered (unceded).

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Mosaic vs Melting Pot

Distinct identities exist in multiculturalism vs assimilation into one culture.

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Group of Seven

A collective of Canadian landscape artists known for their unique style.

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Canadian Flag History

First flown in 1965; symbolizes national identity.

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National Symbols of Canada

Symbols such as the beaver and the maple leaf representing Canada.

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Canada Day

National holiday celebrated on July 1st to mark Canada's confederation.

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Primary Religion in Canada

Christianity is the most practiced religion, followed by Islam.

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Canadian Inventions

Innovations such as basketball, insulin, and the Blackberry.

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Canadian Cuisine

Regional specialties and diverse food influenced by cultures.

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Indigenous Food Practices

Traditional foods and cooking methods often eroded by colonialism.

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Provinces and Territories

Canada consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories, each with unique aspects.

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Climate Variation in Canada

Ranges from harsh to mild climates affecting living and agriculture.

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Sports in Canada

Popular games include hockey and lacrosse, showcasing cultural pride.

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Grand Canadian Attractions

Iconic sites like Niagara Falls and the Rocky Mountains.

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Traditional Canadian Snacks

Popular snacks include Ketchup chips, Smarties, and Tim Hortons coffee.

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Government Structure

Canada's democracy includes parliamentary system and constitutional monarchy.

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Regional Influences on Food

Unique local foods often tied to geographical resources and culture.

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Historical Figures

Notable figures like John Cabot and Jacques Cartier in Canadian history.

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Civilizations

Organized societies with cultural and technological advancements.

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Artifacts

Objects made by humans, often used to study past civilizations.

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Potato's Impact

The potato became essential in Europe, especially Ireland, leading to dependence and famine.

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Three Sisters Farming

An indigenous agricultural method involving corn, beans, and squash planted together.

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Corn's Evolution

Corn was developed through selective breeding for agricultural productivity.

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Chocolate's Origin

Chocolate originated from cacao beans in the Americas.

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Chili Peppers

Chilis were first cultivated in South America and are integral to many cuisines today.

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Nutrient Recycling

The process where dying plants return nutrients to the soil, enhancing fertility.

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Urban Centers

Highly populated areas in civilizations, often with complex social structures.

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Cereal Crop Dependence

Human cultivation of crops like corn led to its widespread global propagation.

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Famine in Ireland

The potato blight caused mass starvation in Ireland, prompting migration.

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Mound Planting Technique

A farming method using mounds to grow multiple crops efficiently together.

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Indigenous Knowledge

Traditional agricultural methods and practices developed by native peoples.

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Agricultural Sustainability

Practices that maintain farm productivity without harming the ecosystem.

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Bison Population Management

Indigenous people controlled bison populations through sustainable hunting practices.

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European Bison Decimation

European settlers nearly drove bison to extinction through overhunting.

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Food Sovereignty Loss

The European arrival led to the loss of indigenous food sovereignty.

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Bison Farming Timeline

Bison farming emerged in the late 1900s as opportunities for agriculture.

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Triangle Trade

A system of trade involving sugar, goods, and enslaved people across three regions.

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Sugar's Economic Importance

Sugar became a significant industry after increased demand and cultivation.

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Labor Costs in Sugar Production

Sugar production relied on minimizing labor costs, leading to slavery.

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Slavery and Sugar Cane

Africans were enslaved to grow sugarcane in Central and South America.

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Rum Trade

Rum produced from sugar was used in trade to buy slaves in Africa.

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Sugar's Historical Context

Before colonization, sugar was mainly used in its natural forms, like honey.

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Chemical Fertilizer

Artificial substances added to soil to enhance plant growth.

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Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer who arrived in the Americas in 1492.

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Pangaea

Ancient supercontinent that included all Earth's land masses.

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Indigenous People

Native populations living in the Americas before European contact.

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European Diseases

Illnesses brought by Europeans that devastated Indigenous populations.

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Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large group, particularly of a nation or culture.

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Residential Schools

Institutions aiming to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture.

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Decline of Native American Population

Dramatic decrease in Indigenous numbers due to disease and colonialism.

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Bison as a Food Source

Buffalo was a vital resource for Indigenous peoples in North America.

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Isolation of Flora/Fauna

Development of unique plant and animal species due to continental drift.

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Queen Isabelle

Spanish monarch who financed Columbus's voyages to the Americas.

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Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

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Flora and Fauna Adaptation

Changes in plant and animal species due to their environments.

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Technological Disparity

Difference in technological advancement between Europeans and Indigenous peoples.

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Pre-Columbian America

The Americas before Christopher Columbus's arrival.

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Biodiversity

The variety of life found in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

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Cultural Exchange

The sharing of ideas, values, and traditions between different cultures.

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Impact of European Arrival

The significant changes in native societies after European exploration.

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Survival of Cultures

The persistence of indigenous customs and practices despite colonization.

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US Cultural Importance

The role of the United States in shaping global culture and politics.

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Historical Context of the US

The events and developments that shaped the United States' identity.

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Study Notes

Canada - Week 4 Study Notes

  • Canada was founded in 1867
  • It is the second largest country in land mass
  • It has 6 time zones
  • France has the most time zones (12)
  • The US and its territories has 11 time zones
  • Russia has 11 time zones
  • Antarctica has 24 time zones
  • UK has 9 time zones
  • Australia has 8 time zones

What is Culture?

  • Values: Beliefs, principles, important aspects of lifestyle
  • Customs: Holidays, clothing, greetings, rituals, activities
  • Marriage and Family: Types of marriage (arranged, free, same-sex etc), family size, patriarchal/matriarchal
  • Government and Law: Type of government, leaders, system
  • Games and Leisure: Sports teams, games, TV, popular music, free time activities
  • Economy and Trade: Trading partners, imports, exports, workforce, main jobs
  • Language: Language of the area, dialects
  • Religion: Symbols, religious practices, worship, holy items
  • Institutions: Education, government, religion, economy
  • Food: What people eat, how food is prepared, tools used, settings for eating

History

  • Timeline: Important dates (1867, 1670, 1497, 1534, 1576, 1608, and 1759) and events in Canadian History
  • Indigenous Peoples: Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean, economic rights, continental shelves. 200-mile zone does NOT include the North Pole
  • Colonization: The history of legislating First Nations, Inuit, and Métis out of existence, erasing their cultures. Indigenous food sovereignty was decimated purposefully, not as a side effect of colonialism.
  • Indigenous Food Sovereignty: The separation of Indigenous people from historic food systems and land is a deliberate part of colonialism. Actions include acts like the Gradual Civilization Act, banning of Indigenous ceremonies, and treaty exchanges for farmland and livestock.
  • Important figures: (e.g., John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, Henry Hudson, Samuel de Champlain, John A. Macdonald)
  • Timeline of events: Founding dates of provinces (New Brunswick 1867, Nova Scotia 1867, Ontario 1867, Quebec 1867, Northwest Territories 1870, Manitoba 1870, British Columbia 1871, Prince Edward Island 1873, Yukon 1898, Saskatchewan 1905, Alberta 1905, Newfoundland 1949, Nunavut 1999)

Regions

  • 10 provinces and 3 territories
  • 3 oceans
  • 49th parallel - border separating Canada and the USA
  • Varied topography, weather, and natural resources (forests, minerals, water, oil, and gas)
  • Examples: Rocky Mountains, Central Plains, Canadian Shield, Great Lakes.

Culture Continued

  • Multiculturalism: Canada is a mosaic, proudly heterogeneous, diversity is valued.
  • Universal Health Care: A fundamental part of Canadian society
  • Democratic Values: Canada is a multicultural and democratic society
  • Commonwealth Member: Canada is a member of the Commonwealth
  • Metric Measures: Common measurement system in Canada and is not the same as imperial measures.
  • Art, Dance, Literature: Canada has a strong presence in art, dance, and literature – examples given are "The Group of Seven" and authors like Munro and Atwood
  • Music: Artists like Rush

National Symbols

  • Maple Leaf
  • Beaver

Attractions

  • Niagara Falls
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Cape Auguet (Nova Scotia Coastline)
  • Algonquin Park
  • Red Sand Beach (PEI)
  • Moraine Lake (AB)

Inventions

  • Blackberry
  • Insulin
  • Penicillin
  • Basketball

Religion

  • Christianity: Most prominent religion in Canada, also Islam.
  • Holidays: Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving
  • Stores Closed on Sundays: In Ontario up until 1992
  • Religious Affiliation: Distribution (pie chart data, percentages)

Canada's History & Timeline

  • Timeline: Major events (e.g. founding dates of provinces and territories)
  • Hudson's Bay Company: Aquired Rupert's Land from Great Britain
  • British North American Act (1867): Signed during Canadian formation
  • Independence (1982):  Constitution Act, Charter of Rights
  • Commonwealth: Canada is part of the British Commonwealth
  • War of 1812: A war affecting Canada

What Does Canada Mean to You (Summary)

  • Regional context
  • Historical context
  • Cultural key points (arts, religion, sports)
  • Multiculturalism (melting pot vs. salad bowl)
  • Canadian foods

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