Campania Geography and Resources
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Questions and Answers

What geographical feature contributed to the fertile soil of the Campania region?

  • Earthquake activity
  • The Bay of Naples
  • Lava spurs from Mt Vesuvius (correct)
  • The Sarno River

Which of the following settlements is NOT mentioned in the context of the Campanian region?

  • Herculaneum
  • Sarno
  • Misenium
  • Vesuvium (correct)

Which volcano is part of the chain that includes Mt Vesuvius?

  • Mt St Helens
  • Mt Fuji
  • Mt Kilimanjaro
  • Mt Etna (correct)

What climatic condition helps in providing a favorable environment for agriculture in Campania?

<p>Mediterranean climate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Phlegraean Fields in the Campanian region?

<p>They are characterized by geothermal activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main impact of S2 during the eruption event?

<p>It was responsible for widespread destruction, burying buildings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surges caused the most destruction in Herculaneum?

<p>Surges 3 to 6. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Giuseppe Fiorelli contribute to the excavation of Pompeii?

<p>He introduced a numbering system for houses and buildings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the final surge, S6?

<p>It covered the city with 90-110 cm of material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which time period did the lull at Pompeii occur, allowing some to escape?

<p>2.15-6.30 am (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of the insulae in both towns?

<p>They contain various types of buildings including villas and shops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Pompeii differentiates it from the other site mentioned?

<p>Pompeii had extensive surrounding walls and gateways. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was NOT a type of building found in the insulae?

<p>Libraries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the incomplete excavation of the sites?

<p>Potential danger from surrounding urban development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What architectural feature was notably abandoned by the 1st AD in Pompeii?

<p>Surrounding walls. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant renovation was discovered during the limited excavation at the Villa in 2007?

<p>Stucco decorations indicating redecoration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons for the incomplete excavation of the Villa as of 2012?

<p>High excavation costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which achievement of the HCP is related to the structural integrity of the ancient site?

<p>Monitoring system for wall paintings and mosaics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounding area of the Villa of Papyri underwent restoration?

<p>The shoreline with replicas of skeletons in boatsheds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant action taken after the first decade of the HCP's work?

<p>Replacement and repair of inadequate roofing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of housing replaced the demolished area in the southwest corner of Pompeii?

<p>Terrace housing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gates are located on the north side of Pompeii?

<p>Vesuvio and Capua gates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the road system of Pompeii?

<p>Major roads running East to West (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main role of the Forum in Pompeii?

<p>An economic, commercial, religious, and political center (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temple in Pompeii is associated with healing, music, and the sun?

<p>Temple of Apollo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinctive feature did the Basilica in Pompeii have?

<p>Decorated with 28 fluted ionic columns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which building served as an open-air market in Pompeii?

<p>The Macellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Mensa Ponderaria represent in Pompeii?

<p>A measuring system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two gods were worshipped together in the Temple of Jupiter?

<p>Jupiter and Minerva (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the roads in Herculaneum compared to Pompeii?

<p>Cleaner streets with a better drainage system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Temple of Vespasian in Pompeii?

<p>Worship of deceased emperors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Comitium located in relation to the Forum?

<p>Directly adjacent to the Forum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of stepping stones was designed in Pompeii?

<p>To prevent carts from entering pedestrian areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What industry was NOT primarily represented in Pompeii?

<p>Pharmaceuticals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main purpose did the gardens within the walls of Pompeii serve?

<p>They provided the raw materials for much of the retail and industrial workforce. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Thermopolia is true?

<p>They served as a community hub for less wealthy individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a principal source of income in Pompeii?

<p>Commercial cultivation of wine and oil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did citizens in Pompeii participate in the patron-client system?

<p>Clients offered political support in exchange for assistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of freeborn women in Pompeii?

<p>They were primarily homemakers and caretakers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of garum in Pompeii's economy?

<p>It served as a major export item. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key element indicated the presence of a brothel in Pompeii?

<p>Specific designs in wall graffiti and erotic paintings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups dominated the local government in Pompeii?

<p>Duumviri and aediles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the need for laundries in Pompeii?

<p>The population had high demand for clean and bleached clothing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the Basilica in Pompeii?

<p>A law court for legal disputes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did urine play in the laundering process in Pompeii?

<p>It provided ammonia necessary for cleaning clothes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common misconception about voting eligibility in Pompeii?

<p>Both men and women could vote. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What public activity was common for wealthy citizens of Pompeii on a daily basis?

<p>Participating in the salutatio at their patron's home. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function did the Comitium serve in Pompeian society?

<p>It was an assembly place for citizens to vote. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pyroclastic surges (S2)

Powerful, destructive flows of hot gas and volcanic debris. S2 caused significant damage to Herculaneum.

Pompeii Destruction Phases

The destruction of Pompeii happened in stages, primarily from three pyroclastic surges; S3,S4, and S6 followed by pumice falls.

Giuseppe Fiorelli

An Italian archaeologist who modernized the excavation methods.

Pompeii Excavation Numbering

Fiorelli divided Pompeii into regions and numbered houses to keep track of them during excavation.

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Pyroclastic Surge Impact on Pompeii

Surges 3-6 overwhelmed Pompeii, killing survivors and burying the city.

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Campania's Location

Campania is located approximately 200 km south of Rome, on the Bay of Naples, with a river (Sarno) flowing into the bay.

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Vesuvius' Impact on Pompeii

Pompeii's fertile soil, due to its location on the side of Mount Vesuvius, supported agriculture. Lava spurs shaped the land.

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Volcanic Activity in Campania

Campania sits within a volcanic region, including Vesuvius, Etna, and Stromboli. Earthquakes and tremors were frequent.

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Campania's Resources

Campania's geographic advantages provided resources including volcanic soil for agriculture and the Sarno River for sustenance.

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Campania's Climate

Campania enjoys a temperate climate, moderated by coastal breezes, with short winters.

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Pompeii's Size

Pompeii was a larger town than Herculaneum, covering about 60 hectares, with approximately 45 hectares excavated.

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Pompeii's Features

Pompeii was a thriving resort and residential town with a port, trade center, forum, temples, markets, and administrative and commercial buildings.

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Pompeii's Walls

Pompeii had a 3.5 kilometer wall surrounding the town with 8 gateways. It was elaborately decorated with protective deities.

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Pompeii's Walls: Later Use

By the 1st century AD, Pompeii's walls were no longer needed for defense.

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Insulae in Pompeii and Herculaneum

Both Pompeii and Herculaneum had a similar layout with long rectangular residential blocks called insulae.

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Herculaneum's Excavation Challenges

Excavating Herculaneum is difficult due to its location under modern Ercolano. Landowners are resistant to surrendering their properties, raising costs and political complexities.

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Herculaneum's Interior Decor

Excavations at Herculaneum revealed stucco decorations, suggesting rooms were being redecorated before the eruption.

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HCP's Achievements

The Herculaneum Conservation Project (HCP) has achieved significant progress. The site's escarpment is stabilized, streets are open, buildings are secured, and the original water drainage system is restored.

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Villa of Papyri Restoration

The HCP also restored the surrounding areas of the Villa of Papyri, a significant site in Herculaneum.

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Herculaneum's Unfinished Excavation

2800 square meters of Herculaneum remain unexcavated due to cost, political complexities, and landowner opposition.

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Pompeii's South West Corner

This area was demolished and replaced with terrace housing. It featured narrow footpaths raised above the road level, stepping stones for pedestrian traffic, and wider roads to accommodate carts.

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Pompeii's Major Roads

Pompeii's main roads ran east to west, known as the Upper and Lower Decumanus.

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Pompeii's Minor Roads

Minor roads in Pompeii ran north to south, with the Cardo Maximus being a prominent example.

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Herculaneum's Location

Herculaneum was situated on a headland between two inlets, with a town wall and sea wall for protection.

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Herculaneum's Size

Herculaneum covered approximately 20 hectares, but only 4.5 hectares have been excavated.

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Herculaneum's Public Buildings

Compared to Pompeii, Herculaneum had fewer public and commercial buildings, possibly buried beneath the volcanic debris.

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Herculaneum's Traffic

Herculaneum had fewer ruts in its roads, suggesting less traffic and a quieter atmosphere.

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Herculaneum's Cleanliness

Herculaneum was a cleaner town than Pompeii, with better drainage systems and no need for stepping stones.

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Pompeii's Forum Role

The Forum in Pompeii served as the economic, commercial, religious, and political center of the city.

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Pompeii's Main Industries

Pompeii's economy relied on olive oil, wine, garum (fish sauce), perfume, and textiles (dyeing).

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Pompeii's Small Businesses

Pompeii had many small businesses such as bakeries, wine shops, taverns, and fast food stalls

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Temple of Jupiter

Pompeii's Temple of Jupiter, also known as the Capitolium, housed the triad of deities: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.

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Temple of Apollo

The Temple of Apollo in Pompeii was dedicated to the god of healing, music, and the sun.

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Temple of Vespasian

This temple, also known as the sanctuary to the Genius (spirit) of Augustus, was dedicated to the worship of deceased emperors.

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Temple of the Lares

This temple is believed to have been built after the 62 CE earthquake to appease the Lares, the protective gods of Pompeii.

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Garum

A fermented fish sauce that was a major source of wealth in Pompeii. It was used as a flavoring agent and condiment.

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Trapeta

A type of olive press used in Pompeii for the first stage of oil pressing. It separated the flesh from the pip to prevent a bitter taste.

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Torcular

A wine press used in Pompeii to extract juice from grapes.

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Thermopolia

Fast food bars in Pompeii that served quick meals and snacks. They also operated like grocery stores.

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Via dell’abbondanza

A street in Pompeii known for its many shops, identified by their wide openings and stone shutters.

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Fulleries

Laundries in Pompeii, identified by interconnected basins and steps used for washing and rinsing clothes.

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Urine in Pompeii

A crucial ingredient in the laundry process, particularly camel urine, used to bleach clothes.

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Lupa

The term used in Pompeii to refer to prostitutes, holding a negative social stigma.

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Lupanar

A brothel in Pompeii, often identified by a masonry bed, sexual graffiti, and erotic paintings.

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Freeborn Men

Men born into Roman citizenship, enjoying full legal rights, political power, and social privileges.

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Freeborn Women

Women born into Roman citizenship, limited legally by fathers and husbands but holding rights to property and business ownership.

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Freedmen

Men who had been freed from slavery, gaining some social and political rights but facing limitations.

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Freedwomen

Women who had been freed from slavery, facing limitations in political and social life.

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Patron-Client Relationship

A system in Pompeii where wealthy patrons provided assistance to clients from lower social classes in exchange for favors.

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Women in Pompeii

Women enjoyed more freedom and influence compared to women in Rome, particularly in public and commercial life.

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Duumviri

The senior magistrates in Pompeii, responsible for the justice system, census, and public events.

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Aediles

Junior magistrates in Pompeii, responsible for public buildings, order, and events.

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Ordo Decurionum

The legislative body in Pompeii, composed of decurions, freeborn men of high social standing.

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Comitium

The people's assembly building in Pompeii, where citizens gathered to vote for magistrates.

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Basilica

The law court in Pompeii, with a raised stage for magistrates and judges.

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Curia

A chamber in Pompeii where the city council and assembly meetings were held.

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Study Notes

About Campania

  • Located approximately 200 km south of Rome
  • Situated on the coast of the Bay of Naples
  • Harbour allowed for trade
  • River Sarno flows into the Bay of Naples
  • Mediterranean climate
  • Dramatic scenery

Physical Setting

  • Mount Vesuvius is part of a volcanic chain, including Mount Etna and Mount Stromboli
  • Frequent earthquakes and tremors
  • Fertile volcanic soil in the Campanian region supported agriculture
  • Settlements like Pompeii, Herculaneum, Misenum, Stabiae, Sarno, Nocera were established
  • Climate is temperate with mild cooling coastal breezes in summer and short winters
  • Geothermal activity in the Phlegraean Fields near Vesuvius, creating hot springs

Natural Resources

  • Fishing (especially garum)
  • Production of sea salt used for preserving food
  • Grain (wheat, barley)
  • Vineyards for wine production
  • Olive groves for olive oil
  • Vegetables (cabbage, chickpeas, figs)
  • Sheep and goats for wool (an important export)

General

  • Vesuvius erupted in two phases with a brief period of calm
  • Plinian phase: rain of pumice and ash
  • Pelean phase: pyroclastic surges and flows of volcanic debris and gas
  • Eruption in 79 AD was catastrophic; killing thousands and devastating the area
  • People were unaware of the volcano
  • Earthquakes foretold the eruption
  • Force of the eruption equivalent to hundreds of Hiroshima bombs
  • Herculaneum was less heavily buried than Pompeii, due to the different phases of the eruption

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Lulu Oaten Ancient History Notes on Pompeii and Herculaneum PDF

Description

Explore the geographical features and natural resources of Campania. This quiz covers the region's dramatic scenery, volcanic activity, agricultural products, and significant settlements like Pompeii and Herculaneum. Test your knowledge on its climate, trade, and the unique biodiversity of the area.

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