Calcium Intake in Adolescent Girls
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Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of a lack of calcium in the diet?

  • Increased risk of heart disease
  • Increased risk of osteoporosis (correct)
  • Increased risk of anaemia
  • Slowed down growth and development

    • Why do teenagers have high calcium requirements?

  • Due to increased appetite
  • Due to increased physical activity
  • Due to hormonal changes
  • Due to rapid increase in bone mass (correct)

    • What is the approximate percentage of calcium absorbed from milk?

  • 50%
  • 5%
  • 10%
  • 30% (correct)

    • What is the main function of zinc in the body?

    <p>Essential for adequate growth and sexual development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of vitamin A in the body?

    <p>Essential for good development of the eyes and immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of B vitamins in the body?

    <p>Breakdown and use of carbohydrates and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range is generally categorized as children?

    <p>1 to 11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of children who are fussy eaters?

    <p>They are often described as 'picky' or 'fussy' eaters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are unhealthful eating patterns becoming more pronounced in children and adolescents?

    <p>Due to the need for peer acceptance and increased independence from parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a determinant of food choice in children?

    <p>Peer influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four stages of development in children?

    <p>Biological, Cognitive, Psychological, and Social Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrition program provides food assistance to children during the summer months?

    <p>The Summer Food Service Program for Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)?

    <p>To provide an overall picture of diet quality and compliance with dietary recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has a lower diet quality according to the HEI findings?

    <p>Children ages 7 to 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge for teenagers in terms of nutrition?

    <p>Increasing their intake of snack foods and fast foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is good nutrition essential during adolescence?

    <p>To support rapid growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences a teenager's food choices according to the text?

    <p>Personal and immediate experiences, lifestyle, food preferring, and other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant change that occurs in boys during puberty?

    <p>A decrease in body fat percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about nutrition among teenagers?

    <p>Snack foods and fast foods are healthy options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical period for nutrition according to the text?

    <p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Team Nutrition initiative?

    <p>To provide training and technical assistance to school nutrition professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program?

    <p>To introduce children to a variety of produce they may not have tried before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for the administration of the NSLP program at the state level?

    <p>The State agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Farm to School initiative focused on?

    <p>Increasing the availability of fresh, local produce in school lunch menus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of resources are available through the Team Nutrition Resource Library?

    <p>Both web-based and printed resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the WIC program?

    <p>To safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutritional risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the School Lunch and Child Nutrition Program?

    <p>To provide nutritionally balanced, low-cost or no-cost lunches to children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the National School Lunch Act established?

    <p>1946</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization administers the School Lunch and Child Nutrition Program?

    <p>US Department of Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major improvement made to the National School Lunch Program in 1970?

    <p>Assuring a free lunch to every child from a low-income family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many children participated in the National School Lunch Program in its first year?

    <p>7.1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the School Lunch and Child Nutrition Program?

    <p>Improving the nutrition of children, especially those from low-income families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the Food Stamp Program?

    <p>To increase the purchasing power of low-income individuals to buy more food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agencies are eligible to contract with commercial food processors under the USDA Foods Processing program?

    <p>State Distributing Agencies and Eligible Recipient Agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Nutrition Program for the Elderly?

    <p>Funding meal programs for elderly individuals with social and rehabilitative services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Emergency Food Assistance Program?

    <p>To supplement the diets of low-income individuals with emergency food and nutrition assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Nutrition Program for the Elderly established?

    <p>1972</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Maternal and Child Health Programs?

    <p>To improve health services for mothers and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge that the Nutrition Program for the Elderly aims to address?

    <p>Poor cooking skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following programs was established under the Office of Human Development of the U.S. Department of Health, Education?

    <p>Nutrition Program for the Elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the programs designed to help reduce the number of mentally retarded and physically handicapped children?

    <p>To reduce maternal and infant mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main obstacle for small owner-operated rural restaurants to make healthy changes to their menus?

    <p>Small profit margins and fear of losing customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Rural Restaurant Healthy Options Program?

    <p>Restaurants received positive feedback and experienced no financial loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue faced by older adults in terms of nutrition?

    <p>Inability to prepare food, lack of financial resources, depression, and general infirmity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the Diner's Choice meal program for older adults?

    <p>It provides them with much-needed nutrition and social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which state are the Diner's Choice meal program and Rural Resources Diner's Choice Program implemented?

    <p>Washington</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the special care provided to high-risk maternity patients and their infants?

    <p>To reduce the number of mentally retarded and physically handicapped children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Healthy Options Program for owner-operated restaurants?

    <p>Restaurants received positive feedback and experienced no financial loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Rural Restaurant Healthy Options Program?

    <p>Increasing awareness of already existing healthy menu options and substitutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the programs mentioned in the text?

    <p>To reduce maternal and infant mortality and provide special care to high-risk maternity patients and their infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of people affected by eating disorders?

    <p>Primarily teenagers and young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa involves significant weight loss, while bulimia nervosa does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential trigger for binge eating?

    <p>Frustration, anger, and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of people affected by eating disorders in the UK?

    <p>1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common emotion associated with eating disorders?

    <p>Low self-esteem and shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential factor that may contribute to the development of eating disorders?

    <p>Genetic makeup, family relationships, and emotional abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition During Adolescence

    • 24% of 11-14 year-old girls and 19% of 15-18 year-old girls have low calcium intakes, which can lead to increased risk of osteoporosis.
    • Calcium needs are greatest during adolescence due to rapid bone growth, and absorption is higher during this stage than in childhood and adulthood.
    • Good sources of calcium include milk, dairy products, green leafy vegetables, and fish with soft bones.

    Importance of Zinc

    • Zinc is essential for growth and sexual development.
    • Food sources of zinc include meats, such as beef, lamb, and pork.

    Vitamin A

    • Vitamin A is essential for eye development and immune function.
    • Food sources of vitamin A include dairy foods, dark green vegetables, and orange/red fruits and vegetables.

    B Vitamins

    • B vitamins, including B6, B2, thiamin, and niacin, are important for carbohydrate and protein breakdown, and nervous system function.
    • Vitamin B12 and folate are crucial for the nervous system and cell production.
    • Foods containing B vitamins include meats, cereals, and vegetables.
    • Vitamin B2 intake is inadequate in girls aged 11-18 years.
    • Childhood morbidity and mortality rates have decreased, but new dangers have arisen.
    • There is a worrying increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents.

    Stages of Development

    • There are four stages of development: biological, cognitive, psychological, and social.

    Determinants of Food Choice

    • Neophobia and exposure, social modeling, and peer influence can affect food choice in children.
    • Parent-child characteristics, such as temperament and maternal characteristics, can also play a role.

    Fussy Eating

    • Fussy eating is more common in males than females and tends to run in families.
    • It decreases with age and is often described as "picky" eating.

    Healthy Eating Index (HEI)

    • The HEI is an indicator of diet quality, assessing variety and quantity of foods and compliance with dietary recommendations.
    • Children aged 7-9 have lower diet quality than younger children, and most children do not meet recommended intakes of vegetables or meat.

    Adolescence

    • Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development, typically occurring from puberty to legal adulthood.
    • It is a critical period of growth and development, and good nutrition is essential.
    • During adolescence, the need for most nutrients increases, and appetite tends to increase as well.

    Growth and Development

    • Growth spurts typically begin around age 10 in girls and 12 in boys, resulting in an average increase of 23cm in height and 20-26 kg in weight.
    • Body composition also changes during puberty, with boys' proportion of fat decreasing and girls' proportion increasing.

    Team Nutrition Initiative

    • Provides training and technical assistance to school nutrition professionals to prepare and serve nutritious meals that meet the Program meal pattern requirements and appeal to children.
    • Offers web-based resources through the Team Nutrition Resource Library to help children and school nutrition professionals understand the link between diet and health.
    • Provides free printed copies of certain Team Nutrition materials to state and local Program operators.

    Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program

    • Introduces children at participating low-income elementary schools to a variety of fresh produce they may not have otherwise had the opportunity to taste.

    Farm to School Initiative

    • Helps school food authorities incorporate fresh, local produce into school lunch menus.

    National School Lunch Program (NSLP)

    • Established by the National School Lunch Act of 1946.
    • Designed to improve the nutrition of children, especially those from low-income families, and increase the use of foods in surplus production.
    • Provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost or no-cost lunches to children each school day.
    • Administered by the USDA Food and Nutrition Service.
    • About 7.1 million children participated in the NSLP in its first year.

    Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

    • Established in 1974 to safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutritional risk.
    • Provides nutritious foods to supplement diets, nutrition education, and referrals to health and other social services.

    Other Nutrition Programs

    • The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP): supplements the diets of low-income needy persons, including elderly people, by providing emergency food and nutrition assistance.
    • USDA Foods Processing: allows State Distributing Agencies and Eligible Recipient Agencies to contract with commercial food processors to convert raw bulk USDA Foods into more convenient, ready-to-use end products.
    • The Food Stamp Program: authorized under the Food Stamp Act of 1964, increases the purchasing power of low-income persons to buy more food.
    • Nutrition Program for the Elderly: established in 1972, provides nutritionally adequate, low-cost meals with social and rehabilitative services for persons over 60.
    • Maternal and Child Health Programs: established in 1935, helps states improve health services for mothers and children.

    National School Lunch Program (NSLP)

    • Children can qualify for free or reduced-price school lunch through participation in certain Federal Assistance Programs, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
    • Children who are homeless, migrant, runaway, or foster children are also categorically eligible for free meals.
    • Children enrolled in a federally-funded Head Start Program or a comparable State-funded pre-kindergarten program are also categorically eligible for free meals.
    • Children can also qualify for free or reduced-price school meals based on household income and family size.
    • Children from families with incomes at or below 130% of the Federal poverty level are eligible for free meals.
    • Those with incomes between 130% and 185% of the Federal poverty level are eligible for reduced-price meals.
    • Schools may not charge children more than 40 cents for a reduced-price lunch.

    USDA Foods and Support

    • Participating schools receive USDA Foods, which are purchased by USDA and provided through the NSLP.
    • Schools can also receive bonus USDA Foods as they are available from surplus agricultural stocks.
    • The variety of USDA Foods schools receive depends on available quantities and market prices.
    • USDA's Food and Nutrition Service provides training and technical assistance to school nutrition professionals through its Team Nutrition initiative.
    • The Team Nutrition Resource Library has web-based resources available to help children and school nutrition professionals understand the link between diet and health.

    Additional Support for Schools

    • USDA's Food and Nutrition Service helps school food authorities incorporate fresh, local produce into school lunch menus through the Farm to School initiative.
    • The Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program introduces children at participating low-income elementary schools to a variety of produce they otherwise might not have the opportunity to taste.

    Other Programs

    • The Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutritious foods to supplement diets, nutrition education, and referrals to health and other social services.
    • The Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) works to improve the health of low-income pregnant women, new mothers, infants, children, and the elderly by supplementing their diets with nutritious USDA Foods.
    • The Food Aid Program provides U.S. agricultural commodities to feed millions of hungry people in needy countries through direct donations and concessional programs.
    • The Food Distribution Disaster Assistance Program supplies USDA Foods to disaster relief organizations such as the Red Cross and the Salvation Army for mass feeding or household distribution.
    • The Food Purchase Program purchases a variety of food products in support of the National School Lunch program and other Federal Feeding programs.
    • The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program helps promote education, child development, and food security for some of the world's poorest children.
    • The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) supplements the diets of low-income needy persons, including elderly people, by providing emergency food and nutrition assistance.
    • The USDA Foods Processing program allows State Distributing Agencies and Eligible Recipient Agencies to contract with commercial food processors to convert raw bulk USDA Foods into more convenient, ready-to-use end products.
    • The Food Stamp Program was authorized under the Food Stamp Act of 1964 to increase the purchasing power of low-income persons so that they can buy more food in a greater variety.
    • The Nutrition Program for the Elderly provides nutritionally adequate, low-cost meals with social and rehabilitative services for persons over 60.
    • The Maternal and Child Health Programs are designed to help reduce the number of mentally retarded and physically handicapped children resulting from complications of pregnancy, and to reduce maternal and infant mortality by providing special care for high-risk maternity patients and their infants from birth to one year.

    Eating Disorders

    • An eating pattern that becomes harmful to health, including Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.

    Binge Eating Disorder

    • Characterized by recurrent binge eating and feelings of loss of control over eating that have lasted at least 6 months.
    • Triggered by emotions such as frustration, anger, depression, anxiety, and permission to eat forbidden foods.

    Demographics

    • Can affect anyone, but most likely to affect teenage females.
    • Estimated 1 million people affected in the UK, with the majority being 12 to 25 year-old women.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    • Genetic makeup may have a small impact.
    • Linked to emotions such as boredom, anxiety, anger, loneliness, shame, or sadness.
    • Often a combination of many factors, events, feelings, or pressures, including low self-esteem, family relationships, sexual or emotional abuse.

    Anorexia Nervosa

    • Characterized by a psychological loss or rejection of appetite, followed by self-starvation.
    • Related to a distorted body image and social pressures commonly associated with puberty.
    • Involves significant weight loss of 15 percent or more of ideal body weight.

    Bulimia Nervosa

    • Characterized by binge eating and purging from the body by vomiting, or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas.
    • Patients are typically at normal weight or above, unlike anorexia nervosa.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the importance of calcium intake for bone health in adolescent girls, including the risks of insufficient calcium consumption and the high calcium requirements during puberty.

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