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Study Notes
Organic Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic carbon compounds.
- Suffixes are used to identify different types of compounds:
- -ane: Alkane
- -ene: Alkene
- -anol: Alcohol
- -anoic acid: Carboxylic acid
- -yl/-anoate: Ester
- Homologous Series: a group of organic compounds with similar chemical properties, same functional group, and same general formula, differing from one member to the next by a CH2 unit.
- Essential Terminology:
- Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series.
- Structural Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
- Saturated Compounds: molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
- Unsaturated Compounds: molecules where one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single.
Fuels
- Uses of different fractions of petroleum:
- Naphtha: chemical feedstock
- Kerosene/Paraffin: jet fuel
- Diesel oil/Gas oil: fuel in diesel engines
- Fuel oil: fuel in ships and home heating systems
- Lubricating: lubricants, waxes, and polishes
- Bitumen: making roads
- Complete Combustion: a complete combustion reaction with any organic compounds produces Carbon Dioxide and Water as its product.
- Incomplete Combustion: an incomplete combustion reaction with any organic compounds produces Carbon Monoxide and Water as its product.
Alkanes
- Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons [single carbon bonds] that are generally unreactive, but they do undergo combustion reactions.
- General formula: CnH2n+2
- Examples: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10)
- Substitution Reaction: alkanes undergo substitution reactions, where the atom of another element under UV light replaces the hydrogen atom.
Polymers
- Large molecules are built up from small units known as monomers.
- Monomers: a single unit of a substance.
- Polymers can have different linkages depending on the type of polymerization and monomer.
- Examples of polymers:
- Polyester (PET)
- Polyamide (e.g. Nylon)
- Poly(ethene)
- Protein (natural polyamide)
Carboxylic Acids
- General formula: CnH2n+1COOH
- Functional group: COOH
- Examples: Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH), Methanoic Acid (CH2O2), Propanoic Acid (C3H6O2), Butanoic acid (C4H8O2)
Polymerisation
- Addition Polymerisation: occurs in monomers that contain double carbon (C=C) bonds, forms only a polymer molecule.
- Condensation Polymerisation: occurs when two different monomers are linked together with the removal of a smaller molecule, usually water.
- Examples of condensation polymerisation:
- Nylon (polyamide) made from a dicarboxylic acid monomer and a diamine monomer.
- PET (polyester) made from a dicarboxylic acid monomer and diols (alcohol with an -OH functional group).
Protein and Natural Polyamides
- Proteins are natural polyamides formed from amino acids monomers.
- General structure of amino acids:
- Proteins contain the same linkages (amide links) as nylon but with different units from amino acid monomers.
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Get ready to learn about organic chemistry, including formulae, functional groups, and terminology, as outlined in the CAIE IGCSE chemistry syllabus. Study notes and summaries to help you master this topic!
