CAIE IGCSE Chemistry: Organic Chemistry
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    Study Notes

    Organic Chemistry

    • Organic Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic carbon compounds.
    • Suffixes are used to identify different types of compounds:
      • -ane: Alkane
      • -ene: Alkene
      • -anol: Alcohol
      • -anoic acid: Carboxylic acid
      • -yl/-anoate: Ester
    • Homologous Series: a group of organic compounds with similar chemical properties, same functional group, and same general formula, differing from one member to the next by a CH2 unit.
    • Essential Terminology:
      • Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series.
      • Structural Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
      • Saturated Compounds: molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
      • Unsaturated Compounds: molecules where one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single.

    Fuels

    • Uses of different fractions of petroleum:
      • Naphtha: chemical feedstock
      • Kerosene/Paraffin: jet fuel
      • Diesel oil/Gas oil: fuel in diesel engines
      • Fuel oil: fuel in ships and home heating systems
      • Lubricating: lubricants, waxes, and polishes
      • Bitumen: making roads
    • Complete Combustion: a complete combustion reaction with any organic compounds produces Carbon Dioxide and Water as its product.
    • Incomplete Combustion: an incomplete combustion reaction with any organic compounds produces Carbon Monoxide and Water as its product.

    Alkanes

    • Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons [single carbon bonds] that are generally unreactive, but they do undergo combustion reactions.
    • General formula: CnH2n+2
    • Examples: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10)
    • Substitution Reaction: alkanes undergo substitution reactions, where the atom of another element under UV light replaces the hydrogen atom.

    Polymers

    • Large molecules are built up from small units known as monomers.
    • Monomers: a single unit of a substance.
    • Polymers can have different linkages depending on the type of polymerization and monomer.
    • Examples of polymers:
      • Polyester (PET)
      • Polyamide (e.g. Nylon)
      • Poly(ethene)
      • Protein (natural polyamide)

    Carboxylic Acids

    • General formula: CnH2n+1COOH
    • Functional group: COOH
    • Examples: Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH), Methanoic Acid (CH2O2), Propanoic Acid (C3H6O2), Butanoic acid (C4H8O2)

    Polymerisation

    • Addition Polymerisation: occurs in monomers that contain double carbon (C=C) bonds, forms only a polymer molecule.
    • Condensation Polymerisation: occurs when two different monomers are linked together with the removal of a smaller molecule, usually water.
    • Examples of condensation polymerisation:
      • Nylon (polyamide) made from a dicarboxylic acid monomer and a diamine monomer.
      • PET (polyester) made from a dicarboxylic acid monomer and diols (alcohol with an -OH functional group).

    Protein and Natural Polyamides

    • Proteins are natural polyamides formed from amino acids monomers.
    • General structure of amino acids:
    • Proteins contain the same linkages (amide links) as nylon but with different units from amino acid monomers.

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