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Questions and Answers
Which metal is not commonly found in ceramics?
What provides stability to the mass of ceramics by preventing shrinkage during the firing process?
Which oxide is used to reduce the softening temperature of the glass in ceramics?
What is the process of removing the liquid binder in the ceramic powder by bringing the particles together called?
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What is one of the important features that occurs during the firing of ceramic, depending on particle size, condensation, humidity, and firing temperature?
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What is the purpose of applying colorless glass powders to the baked ceramic surface?
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Which type of dental ceramics mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentin?
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What is the purpose of developing Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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What is the 3-point bending strength of Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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What is the main purpose of developing Celtra Duo ceramic?
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What is the bending resistance of Celtra Duo when mechanical polishing is performed?
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What distinguishes In-Ceram Alumina from In-Ceram Spinell in terms of indications?
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What was the main reason for developing In-Ceram Spinell ceramic?
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Which material was used to strengthen Dicor glass ceramic structure?
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What distinguishes In-Ceram Zirconia from other ceramics in terms of composition?
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Which term is used to define the chemical structure of ceramics?
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What does the word 'keramikos' mean in Greek?
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In dental ceramics, what is the most common nonmetal element combined with one or more metals?
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According to the provided text, what is the duration of the course on dental ceramics?
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What is the name of the book suggested as a reference for the course on dental ceramics?
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What is the main topic of the course on dental ceramics?
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Which term is used to describe the process of expressing the condensation and baking processes?
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What is the name of the committee related to the course on fixed prosthetic restorations?
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Which dental ceramic system uses leucite crystals to form a barrier against micro-cracks?
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What is the main advantage of IPS e.max Press compared to IPS Empress 2?
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What percentage of lithium disilicate crystals does IPS e.max Press contain?
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In which dental ceramic system can you find different translucency options such as high, medium, and low translucency, and high and medium opacity?
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What type of blocks were developed for use in CAD / CAM systems with different color, opacity, and translucency options?
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What is the bending resistance of pre-crystallized blocks in IPS e.max CAD?
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Which filler is used to improve the mechanical properties and control optical effects in particle reinforced (filled) ceramics?
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What is the primary method for obtaining digital data of the tissues in CAD / CAM systems?
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Which method can be applied in the production of In-Ceram Zirconia restorations?
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What is the composition of Procera AllCeram from Nobel Biocare?
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What is the phase stability temperature of pure zirconia?
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Why is 3 mol% of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) added to zirconia?
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What provides superior mechanical properties to Y-TZP?
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What is the primary reason for the high opacity of InCeram Zirconia?
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What is used to compensate for the shrinkage during the sintering of Procera AllCeram?
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What is the most used material in the infrastructure of all ceramic restorations today?
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What is the primary purpose of the SiO4 tetra-hedra structure in ceramics?
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What is the main purpose of adding fluxes (fluids or glass modifiers) to the composition of dental ceramics?
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What is the role of kaolin in the composition of dental ceramics?
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Why are colorless glass powders applied to the baked ceramic surface in the process of glazing?
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What is the classification of dental ceramics that mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentin?
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What is the primary feature that distinguishes glassy ceramics in dental applications?
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What is one of the important features that occurs during the firing of ceramic, depending on particle size, condensation, humidity, and firing temperature?
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What is the purpose of condensation in the process of making ceramic slurry?
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What is the primary reason for developing Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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What provides stability to the mass of ceramics by preventing shrinkage during the firing process?
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What was the main reason for developing In-Ceram Spinell ceramic?
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What percentage of lithium disilicate crystals does IPS e.max Press contain?
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What is the phase stability temperature of pure zirconia?
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What is used to compensate for the shrinkage during the sintering of Procera AllCeram?
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What type of dental ceramics mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentin?
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Which term is used to define the chemical structure of ceramics?
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What is the purpose of developing Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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What distinguishes In-Ceram Zirconia from other ceramics in terms of composition?
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What is one of the important features that occurs during the firing of ceramic, depending on particle size, condensation, humidity, and firing temperature?
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Which material was used to strengthen Dicor glass ceramic structure?
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What is the 3-point bending strength of Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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What provides stability to the mass of ceramics by preventing shrinkage during the firing process?
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What is the phase stability temperature of pure zirconia?
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What is the main reason for developing In-Ceram Spinell ceramic?
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What provides stability to the mass of ceramics by preventing shrinkage during the firing process?
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What is the bending resistance of pre-crystallized blocks in IPS e.max CAD?
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What is the primary method for obtaining digital data of the tissues in CAD / CAM systems?
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Which dental ceramic system uses leucite crystals to form a barrier against micro-cracks?
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What is the purpose of developing Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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What distinguishes In-Ceram Zirconia from other ceramics in terms of composition?
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In IPS Empress system, what is the purpose of adding leucite to the ceramic composition?
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What is the main difference between IPS Empress 2 and IPS e.max Press in terms of their microstructures?
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What is the indication for using IPS e.max CAD blocks in CAD / CAM systems?
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What is the benefit of using lithium disilicate crystals in IPS e.max Press compared to IPS Empress 2?
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Which characteristic defines the IPS e.max CAD blocks as 'blue state'?
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What is the primary role of filler particles in particle reinforced (filled) ceramics?
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What allows ceramics to have a higher bending strength in the IPS Empress system?
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What is the advantage of using glass ceramics reinforced with lithium disilicate in all-ceramic restorations?
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What is the chemical structure of ceramics?
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What is the primary feature that distinguishes glassy ceramics in dental applications?
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What is the classification of dental ceramics that mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentin?
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What is the purpose of condensation in the process of making ceramic slurry?
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What is the main reason for developing In-Ceram Spinell ceramic?
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What type of dental ceramics mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentin?
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What is the role of kaolin in the composition of dental ceramics?
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What provides stability to the mass of ceramics by preventing shrinkage during the firing process?
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What are the main components of feldspar in the composition of dental ceramics?
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What is the purpose of adding leucite to the composition of IPS Empress system?
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What is the primary role of the large oxygen atoms in ceramics?
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What is the significance of the SiO4 tetra-hedra structure in ceramics?
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What is the role of kaolin in the composition of dental ceramics?
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What are the oxides used to give ceramics the desired color?
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What is the process called when the liquid binder in ceramic powder is removed by bringing the particles together?
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What is the classification of dental ceramics that mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentin?
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What is the composition of Procera AllCeram from Nobel Biocare?
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What is the phase stability temperature of pure zirconia?
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What provides superior mechanical properties to Y-TZP?
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What is the bending resistance of Celtra Duo when mechanical polishing is performed?
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What is the role of filler particles in particle reinforced (filled) ceramics?
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In IPS Empress system, what is the purpose of adding leucite to the ceramic composition?
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What type of blocks were developed for use in CAD / CAM systems with different color, opacity, and translucency options?
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What is the primary purpose of the SiO4 tetra-hedra structure in ceramics?
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What is the purpose of developing Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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What is the bending resistance of In-Ceram Alumina?
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What is the composition of Dicor glass ceramics?
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What is the main reason for developing In-Ceram Spinell ceramic?
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What is the phase stability temperature of pure zirconia?
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What is the indication for using IPS e.max CAD blocks in CAD / CAM systems?
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What provides superior mechanical properties to Y-TZP?
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What is the purpose of adding fluxes (fluids or glass modifiers) to the composition of dental ceramics?
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What is the primary purpose of adding leucite to the ceramic composition in the IPS Empress system?
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What is the microstructure difference between IPS Empress 2 and IPS e.max Press, and how does it affect their properties?
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What is the indication for using IPS e.max CAD blocks in CAD / CAM systems?
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What is the role of filler particles in particle reinforced (filled) ceramics?
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What distinguishes In-Ceram Alumina from In-Ceram Spinell in terms of indications?
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What is the phase stability temperature of pure zirconia?
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Which dental ceramic system uses leucite crystals to form a barrier against micro-cracks?
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What is the main reason for developing Vita Suprinity ceramic?
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Ceramic is a combination of one or more metals with a nonmetal element, usually ______.
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Ceramic, which is an earthy material, is generally silicate and takes its name from the word “keramikos”, which means pottery and burnt substance in Greek. Ceramic is a combination of one or more metals with a nonmetal element, usually ______.
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Dental ceramics are classified according to different parameters and optically and mechanically compared according to their ______.
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After completion of the course, the student will be able to express the condensation and baking processes and classify dental ceramics according to different ______.
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The student will be able to select case-specific dental ceramics and justify their ______.
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The word “keramikos”, which means pottery and burnt substance in Greek, is related to the term ______.
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The dental ceramics are generally classified according to their ______.
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The course
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InCeram Zirconia has high bending resistance (600-700 MPa) compared to other glass infiltrated ceramics, but the high opacity caused by its crystal structure prevents its use in the ______ region.
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Procera AllCeram allows full ceramic restorations to be used in anterior and posterior single-unit crowns, inlays, onlays, and veneers, due to its high bending resistance (______ MPa) and sufficient optical properties.
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Zirconium oxide is a polymorphic material that can be found in 3 different phases as monoclinic, cubic and ______ depending on the temperature of the environment in which it is located.
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Near East University, Faculty of Dentistry 11 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özay ÖNÖRAL Y-TZP, which stands out with its high mechanical resistance, chemical and dimensional stability, is the most used material in the infrastructure of all ceramic ______ today.
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Y-TZP is partially stabilized, although it is in the tetragonal phase at room temperature, there is energy in its internal structure to transform into ______ phase.
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The phase change tendency decreases as the particle size decreases (______).
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Zirconium oxide has changed its composition in the last 20 years and its optical properties have been improved and its area of use has ______.
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3 mol% of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) is added to the structure to ensure that the zirconia remains in the ______ phase at room temperature.
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Glass ceramics reinforced with lithium silicate and zirconia is the Vita Suprinity developed by Vita Zahnfabrik in ______.
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The 3-point bending strength of Vita Suprinity ceramic is ______ MPa.
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Vita Ambria developed in ______ is a lithium silicate ceramic reinforced with zirconia.
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The bending resistance of In-Ceram Alumina is ______ MPa.
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In-Ceram Spinell full ceramic restorations can be produced with ______ method or they can be produced with developed blocks using CEREC system.
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In-Ceram Zirconia consisting of 30% partially stabilized zirconium oxide and 70% alumina was developed to increase the ______ of In-Ceram Alumina.
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Glass ceramics reinforced with alumina and magnesium spinell is also glass-infiltrated ceramic, the crystalline structure consists of a mixture of magnesium spinel (MgAl2O4) and alumina. The bending resistance of In-Ceram Spinell is ______ MPa.
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With the attempt to increase the resistance of In-Ceram Alumina, In-Ceram Zirconia was developed, consisting of ______ partially stabilized zirconium oxide and 70% alumina.
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The SiO4 tetra-hedra structure provides properties such as stability, hardness, resistance to heat and chemicals due to the ______ bonds.
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Feldspar gives the ceramic a natural translucency and forms the main structure. It is a mixture of potassium aluminum silicate (K2O.Al2O2.6SiO2) and ______.
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Quartz, which is in the structure of silica (SiO2), acts as a filler in the matrix. It provides stability to the mass by preventing shrinkage that may occur as a result of firing process. Since the melting temperature is very high, it helps the restoration keep its shape at high temperatures. Kaolin, also called Chinese clay, is an aluminum hydrate silicate (Al2O3.SiO2.2H2O). It is quite resistant to heat, but it is very opaque and is used very little. Due to its adhesive feature, it acts as a binding agent for quartz and feldspar. It also facilitates hand-processing by giving elasticity to the ceramic dough (slurry). In the composition of the ceramic, besides these abovementioned three main substances, there may also be fluids or glass modifiers (fluxes), intermediate oxides, various color pigments, opacifiers or various agents that enhance the fluorescence property. Oxides, called fluxes, are sodium oxide, potassium oxide and calcium oxide. They reduce the softening temperature of the glass by reducing the amount of crosslinking between the glass-forming elements and oxygen. Iron oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, and cobalt oxide are oxides used to give the ceramic the desired color. Zirconium, cerium, tin, and uranium oxides are also used to make the ceramic have the appropriate opacity. The composition of dental ceramics mainly consists of feldspar, quartz and ______.
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Ceramic slurry is obtained by mixing powder and sufficient amount of liquid. Too much liquid causes movement between dust particles, causing deterioration in the powder-liquid mass. The process of removing the liquid binder in the ceramic powder by bringing the particles together is called ______.
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The condensed ceramic mass is placed in front of the preheated oven, allowing the remaining water to be removed. If the condensed structure is placed directly in a hot oven, as a result of sudden heating, voids and large fracture areas occur on the restoration. After the preheating process, the ceramic is placed into the furnace and the baking process is started. During firing, ceramic goes through different stages according to the temperature of the furnace: Low-bisque firing, Medium-bisque firing, High-bisque firing. One of the important features that occurs during the firing of the ceramic is its ______, which depends on the particle size of the ceramic powder, condensation, humidity, and the firing temperature.
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Colorless glass powders applied to the baked ceramic surface to provide a polished surface are called ______ and this process is called “glazing”. The thermal expansion coefficient of the glaze ceramic should be slightly lower than the ceramic mass to which it is applied. If the glaze has a higher coefficient of expansion than dentin ceramic, it cools under radial tension. The resulting stresses tend to form fine cracks on the surface.
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Dental ceramics can be classified in different ways according to baking temperatures, usage areas, translucency levels, microstructures, and manufacturing techniques. Classification according to microstructures of ceramics is the most frequently used. Glassy Ceramics Dental ceramics that mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentin are glassy ceramics. Glasses are formed by the formation of three-dimensional network of atoms and they do not have a regular structure. Glasses in dental ceramics are made from a group of minerals called feldspar and are built on silica (silicon oxide) and alumina (aluminum oxide). Therefore, feldspathic porcelains are subset of ______ glasses. The glasses in Feldspar structure are resistant to crystallization (de-vitrification) during firing, have a long firing temperature range, and are biocompatible. Glassy ceramics are used in veneering of ceramic infrastructures, inlays, onlays, and veneers. Glass ceramics can be produced by mixing the powder and liquid and preparing the ceramic slurry, or they can be produced with the CAD / CAM (Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing - Computer Near East University, Faculty of Dentistry 6 Assoc. Prof. Dr.
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One of the important features that occurs during the firing of the ceramic is its shrinkage, which depends on the particle size of the ceramic powder, condensation, humidity, and the firing temperature. Generally, this shrinkage is reported to be 30-38% by volume and 11-15% linearly. Ceramics are processed larger in the shrinkage rate predicted according to their type and feature. Colorless glass powders applied to the baked ceramic surface to provide a polished surface are called “glaze” and this process is called “______”.
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In CAD / CAM systems, digital data of the tissues from which the restoration will be produced are obtained primarily by ______ or by scanning the conventional impression / model with the laboratory scanner. While the restoration design is done in computer environment using this data in the CAD unit; the design is obtained by subtracting from a prefabricated ceramic block in the milling device guided by a computer. Different opacity and translucency options are available. In addition, there are also polychromatic blocks, which show opalescence and fluorescence properties and simulate the optical properties of different dental tissues. 4.2 Particle Reinforced (Filled) Ceramics Filler particles are added to the basic glass composition to improve mechanical properties and control optical effects such as color and opacity. Glass ceramics reinforced with ______ The first filler used in dental ceramics is crystalline mineral particles of potassium alumina silicate (SiO2.Al2O3.K2O) structure, called ______. This filler has been added in metal-supported ceramic restorations to ensure that ceramic can be fired successfully on the metal substructure. Ceramics that are thermally compatible with dental alloys are obtained during baking by adding ______ with a higher thermal expansion / shrinkage coefficient of 17-25% compared to feldspatic glasses. The use of ______ for full ceramics was realized with the ______ (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) system, which was developed at the University of Zurich in 1983 and introduced to the market in 1990. The most important advantage of this system is that the ______ crystals distributed homogeneously inside the material form a barrier that counteracts the stress that causes the formation of micro-cracks. The wax modeling of the restoration that is desired to be produced in the ______ system is prepared, invested with the phosphate-bonded investment material, and the negative is obtained with the lost wax technique. Ceramic tablets containing 35-55% ______ by mass are placed into the furnace and sent into the mold at 12000C heat and under pressure. The combination of heat and pressure allows the shrinkage of the ceramic to be reduced and to have a higher bending strength. However, 120-140 MPa flexural resistance limited the indications of this ceramic to inlay, onlay and single-unit crowns. In 2006, ______ CAD blocks were developed for use in CAD / CAM systems. Blocks with higher flexural resistance (160-180 MPa) have high (HT) and low (LT) translucency options. The 'Multi' type blocks developed in recent years are produced to provide a more translucent appearance towards the incisal area in the cervical region in order to mimic the optical property differences between the dental tissues. Near East University, Faculty of Dentistry 7 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özay ÖNÖRAL Glass ceramics reinforced with ______ In all-ceramic restorations, one of the fillers used to strengthen the infrastructure is ______ (Li2Si2O5). The microstructure of ______ consists of very small crystals that are dispersed and interlocked in a versatile way. These crystals increase the durability by preventing the spread of cracks in the material. ______ 2 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) system was developed with the addition of 70% by volume ______ to the felspatic glass structure. In this system, as in ______, the material is sent to the mold by injection method under heat and pressure. The resulting substructure (infrastructure, coping terms can also be used) is veneered with a ceramic whose thermal expansion coefficient is compatible. The difference in the microstructures of ______ and ______ 2 resulted in ______ 2 having a higher bending strength (360 MPa) but lower translucency. ______ 2 can be used in single member crowns and anterior 3 member bridges. In 2005, ______ (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), which was strengthened with ______, was introduced to the market. In this restorative material, improved physical properties and translucency in comparison with ______ 2 were achieved. ______ contains 70% ______ crystals embedded in glassy matrix and these crystals are 3-6 μm long. Compared to ______ 2, ______ has smaller crystals in its structure and its bending resistance is reported as 370-460 MPa. ______ is indicated for inlay, onlay, veneers, anterior and posterior crowns, 3-unit anterior and premolar-region bridges, and implant superstructures. The homogeneous distribution of coloring ions in the structure of the material inside the glass structure prevents color pigment errors in the microstructure. Apart from this, different translucency options such as high, medium and low translucency, high and medium opacity increase the aesthetic success of the final restoration. Apart from production under heat and pressure, blocks of ______ ceramics, called ______, have been developed for use in CAD / CAM systems with different color, opacity and translucency options. There are also perforated CAD / CAM blocks for the production of a custom abutment. ______ blocks are partially crystallized (pre-crystallized) called 'blue state' and contain 40% ______ in addition to ______ crystals. Pre-crystallized blocks have a bending resistance of about 130 MPa, easy to mill and take a short time in CAD / CAM systems; it also ensures less wear of the milling tools.
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IPS Empress CAD blocks were developed for use in CAD / CAM systems with different color, opacity and translucency options. There are also perforated CAD / CAM blocks for the production of a custom ______.
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IPS e.max Press contains 70% lithium disilicate crystals embedded in glassy matrix and these crystals are 3-6 μm long. Compared to IPS Empress 2, IPS e.max Press has smaller crystals in its structure and its bending resistance is reported as ______ MPa.
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IPS e.max CAD blocks are partially crystallized (pre-crystallized) called 'blue state' and contain 40% metasilicate in addition to lithium disilicate crystals. Pre-crystallized blocks have a bending resistance of about ______ MPa, easy to mill and take a short time in CAD / CAM systems; it also ensures less wear of the milling tools.
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Glass ceramics reinforced with alumina and magnesium spinell is also glass-infiltrated ceramic, the crystalline structure consists of a mixture of magnesium spinel (MgAl2O4) and alumina. The bending resistance of In-Ceram Spinell is ______ MPa.
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IPS e.max Press is indicated for inlay, onlay, veneers, anterior and posterior crowns, 3-unit anterior and premolar-region bridges, and ______ superstructures.
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IPS Empress 2 can be used in single member crowns and anterior 3 member bridges. In 2005, IPS e.max Press (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), which was strengthened with lithium disilicate, was introduced to the market. In this restorative material, improved physical properties and translucency in comparison with IPS Empress 2 were achieved. IPS e.max Press contains 70% lithium disilicate crystals embedded in glassy matrix and these crystals are 3-6 μm long. Compared to IPS Empress 2, IPS e.max Press has smaller crystals in its structure and its bending resistance is reported as ______ MPa.
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IPS Empress CAD blocks were developed for use in CAD / CAM systems with different color, opacity and translucency options. Blocks with higher flexural resistance (160-180 MPa) have high (HT) and low (LT) translucency options. The 'Multi' type blocks developed in recent years are produced to provide a more translucent appearance towards the incisal area in the cervical region in order to mimic the optical property differences between the dental ______.
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IPS e.max CAD blocks are partially crystallized (pre-crystallized) called 'blue state' and contain 40% metasilicate in addition to lithium disilicate crystals. Pre-crystallized blocks have a bending resistance of about ______ MPa, easy to mill and take a short time in CAD / CAM systems; it also ensures less wear of the milling tools.
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