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What action is taken when a write miss occurs for a shared block in a coherence protocol?
What action is taken when a write miss occurs for a shared block in a coherence protocol?
Invalidate this block as there was an attempt to write a shared block
What is the consequence of attempting to read a shared block that is exclusive elsewhere?
What is the consequence of attempting to read a shared block that is exclusive elsewhere?
Place cache block on bus, write back the cache block, and abort memory access.
What is the primary issue with the snooping-based coherence protocol?
What is the primary issue with the snooping-based coherence protocol?
The need for broadcasting messages, which can negatively impact the benefits of DSM memory organization.
What information does the directory in a directory protocol contain?
What information does the directory in a directory protocol contain?
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What is the main advantage of the directory protocol over snooping-based coherence protocols?
What is the main advantage of the directory protocol over snooping-based coherence protocols?
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How is the directory distributed in a directory protocol?
How is the directory distributed in a directory protocol?
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What does a coherent view of memory guarantee in a scenario where a processor P1 reads from location X, following a write by processor P2 to X, if the write and read are sufficiently separated in time and no other writes to X occur between the two accesses?
What does a coherent view of memory guarantee in a scenario where a processor P1 reads from location X, following a write by processor P2 to X, if the write and read are sufficiently separated in time and no other writes to X occur between the two accesses?
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What is the significance of the serialization notion in maintaining cache coherence?
What is the significance of the serialization notion in maintaining cache coherence?
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What is the purpose of a status bit associated with a cache block in cache coherence protocols?
What is the purpose of a status bit associated with a cache block in cache coherence protocols?
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What is the main difference between snooping and directory-based cache coherence protocols?
What is the main difference between snooping and directory-based cache coherence protocols?
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Why is cache coherence essential in multiprocessor systems?
Why is cache coherence essential in multiprocessor systems?
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What is the primary advantage of using a directory-based cache coherence protocol over snooping-based protocols?
What is the primary advantage of using a directory-based cache coherence protocol over snooping-based protocols?
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What is the state change of a cache block when it is first read, even if there is only one copy?
What is the state change of a cache block when it is first read, even if there is only one copy?
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What triggers the transition from the shared state to the exclusive state in a cache coherence protocol?
What triggers the transition from the shared state to the exclusive state in a cache coherence protocol?
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What is the purpose of the coherence action in a cache coherence protocol?
What is the purpose of the coherence action in a cache coherence protocol?
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What is the main limitation of a single directory approach in a multicore environment?
What is the main limitation of a single directory approach in a multicore environment?
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What happens when a CPU read miss occurs for a cache block in the invalid state?
What happens when a CPU read miss occurs for a cache block in the invalid state?
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What is the significance of the two perspectives shown in Fig. 8.4?
What is the significance of the two perspectives shown in Fig. 8.4?
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How do directories in a directory-based protocol track caches?
How do directories in a directory-based protocol track caches?
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What is the key difference between the implementation of the directory-based protocol and snooping-based coherence protocols?
What is the key difference between the implementation of the directory-based protocol and snooping-based coherence protocols?
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Where is the finite-state machine controller typically implemented?
Where is the finite-state machine controller typically implemented?
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Why is there no cache coherence problem with respect to multicomputers based on message passing?
Why is there no cache coherence problem with respect to multicomputers based on message passing?
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What is the main advantage of multithreading?
What is the main advantage of multithreading?
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What is the key difference between multithreading and ILP?
What is the key difference between multithreading and ILP?
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What is the main difference between multithreading and multiprocessing?
What is the main difference between multithreading and multiprocessing?
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What is the primary advantage of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) over fine-grained and coarse-grained multithreading?
What is the primary advantage of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) over fine-grained and coarse-grained multithreading?
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What is the main reason why fine-grained multithreading switches between threads on each clock cycle?
What is the main reason why fine-grained multithreading switches between threads on each clock cycle?
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How do modern processors, such as Intel Core i7 and IBM Power7, implement multithreading?
How do modern processors, such as Intel Core i7 and IBM Power7, implement multithreading?
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What is the primary drawback of coarse-grained multithreading?
What is the primary drawback of coarse-grained multithreading?
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What is the primary benefit of multithreading over a single-threaded processor?
What is the primary benefit of multithreading over a single-threaded processor?
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Study Notes
Cache Coherence
- Cache coherence is a protocol that ensures all processors in a multi-processor system have a coherent view of memory.
- In a coherent view of memory, a read by a processor to a location returns the written value if the write and read are sufficiently separated in time and no other writes to that location occur between the two accesses.
Cache Coherence Protocols
- There are two main types of cache coherence protocols: snooping-based and directory-based.
- Snooping-based protocols track the sharing status of a block in each cache containing a copy of the data from a physical memory block.
- Directory-based protocols keep the sharing status of a particular block of physical memory in one location, the directory.
Snooping Coherence Protocols
- Each cache has a copy of both memory block data and "share status" of a block, e.g., shared/non-shared.
- The state changes from invalid to shared on the first reading of the block, even if there is only one copy.
- On the first write, the state becomes exclusive.
Directory-Based Protocols
- The directory is responsible for tracking caches that share the memory addresses of the memory portion in the node.
- Each directory is responsible for tracking caches that share the memory addresses of the memory portion in the node.
- The protocol needs to know which node has the block to make the invalidation.
Multicomputers
- Multicomputers are processors with independent memories and address spaces.
- There is no cache coherence problem in multicomputers based on message passing because each computer only writes to its own memory.
Thread-Level Parallelism
- Multithreading is a way to exploit thread-level parallelism (TLP) in a processor.
- TLP allows multiple threads to share the functional units of a single processor in an overlapping way.
- Hardware approaches for multithreading include fine-grained, coarse-grained, and simultaneous multithreading (SMT).
- Fine-grained multithreading switches between threads on each clock cycle, coarse-grained multithreading switches threads only on costly stalls, and SMT is the most common implementation.
Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT)
- SMT is a variation of fine-grained multithreading implemented on top of a multiple-issue, dynamically scheduled processor.
- SMT allows multiple instructions from independent threads to be executed without noticing dependencies among them.
- Examples of processors that use SMT include Intel Core i7 and IBM Power7.
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Description
This quiz covers cache coherence protocols, including cache states and actions taken in response to write misses and invalidations.