Cabin Crew Orientation Manual

• This orientation manual offers new cabin crew members foundational knowledge for effective and safe performance.
• The indoctrination familiarizes with aviation and builds confidence for cabin operations.

Objectives of the manual

• To understand aviation regulations governing cabin operations
• To be familiar with terminology
• To comprehend basic theory of flight
• To gain awareness of aircraft systems
• To understand altitude physiology and follow operating procedures during all phases of flight

Applicable Regulations

• Iraqi Civil Aviation Authority (ICAA) is responsible for overseeing civil aviation in Iraq
• ICAA regulations align with international standards with specific Iraqi provisions
• They cover aircraft certification, operational safety standards, air traffic control and airspace management
• They cover environmental regulations, safety, and security compliance
• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was established in 1944 as a specialized agency of the United Nations
• ICAO promotes safe, efficient, and orderly international aviation
• ICAO sets international regulations for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental protection
• It assists member states in implementing these regulations
• It works with governments, aviation industry organizations, and international bodies for civil aviation
• They cover air navigation, aircraft operations, airport design, aviation security, and environmental protection
• It facilitates cooperation among its 193 member states to address global aviation challenges
• It provides training and technical assistance to enhance aviation infrastructure and capabilities

ICAO Standards

• They are adopted by member states, including Iraq, to ensure global consistency in aviation
• Annexes to the Chicago Convention includes 19 annexes covering various aspects of civil aviation
• Such as the licensing of pilots and cabin crew and the operation of aircraft
• Safety Management Systems (SMS) mandates proactive safety management through risk identification and mitigation
• Annex 17 sets out standards for aviation security, including measures for terrorism
• Annex 16 outlines guidance on reducing aviation's environmental footprint

Airline-Specific Policies and Procedures

• They refer to rules and guidelines by IRAQI AIRWAYS for safe and efficient operations.
• They're tailored to the airline’s operations, fleet, and staffing and must comply with ICAA and ICAO regulations
• Crew training involves specific programs for pilots, cabin crew, and maintenance staff
• Safety protocols manage in-flight emergencies, cabin security, and unruly passengers
• Operational procedures offer guidelines on flight dispatch, aircraft and maintenance schedules to ensure smooth operations
• Passenger service caters to customer service, baggage handling, and any other elements affecting passenger experience

Safety Management System (SMS) Principles

• SMS manages safety, identifies hazards, assesses risks, and applies mitigation
• ICAO mandates SMS for aviation organizations, including airlines and air navigation service providers
• Safety Policy defines commitment to safety with objectives and resources
• Risk Management identifies hazards, assessing risks, and implements controls
• Safety Assurance monitors the effectiveness of safety management through audits and performance indicators
• Safety Promotion ensures safety at all levels through campaigns and messages

Air Operator Specific History

• Iraqi Airways was founded in 1945 as the national carrier of Iraq.
• The corporate mission of Iraqi Airways is to provide safe, reliable, and efficient air transportation
• It offers services to passengers, cargo, and mail
• It contributes to economic development, enhancing customer satisfaction and high safety standards
• It expands route networks and promotes the airline's brand reputation
• Organization structure details refer to OMD

Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA)

• Foreign authorities may audit any Iraqi Airways aircraft without notification
• Inspections generally fall under the EASA Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft SAFA program in Europe
• Inspectors should present themselves to the Commander or crew before commencing the inspection.
• At outstations advise the handling agent, the Senior Cabin Crew Member, and the engineer
• Crew should cooperate to minimize delays
• Upon completion of the inspection, a Proof of Inspection (PoI) form will be completed
• It is required that inspectors provide the Commander with a copy of the form.

Results of Inspection

• Rectification or deferral could be necessary before departure if findings arise
• All findings shall be entered on the Technical log before departure, prefixed with “SAFA Inspection Defect"
• Rectify or defer defects according to process
• Note “SAFA Audit Conducted – Nil Findings" on the Technical Log is required if there are no technical findings
• Complete an Operational Report and file with the PoI form in the flight envelope

Categorization of Findings

• Category 3 has a major influence on safety
• Category 2 has a significant influence on safety
• Category 1 has a minor influence on safety

General Category

• General items on inspection not yet addressed with any category

Organizational Link

• Flight crew (pilots) and cabin crew is crucial for ensuring the safety, comfort, and efficiency of flights.
• Flight crew operate the aircraft
• Cabin crew are responsible for passenger safety, service, and cabin operations
• Effective communication is essential.

Basic Theory of Flight

• Main principles include lift, thrust, drag, and gravity
• Includes balance
• Aircraft stability and control is important

Flight basics

• There are four fundamental forces that affect the ability to fly: lift, thrust, drag, and gravity
• Lift is the upward force that counteracts the aircraft’s weight with the wings
• How it works is the force and pressure from curved wings
• There are key factors such as the amount and angle
• Thrust is the forward force that propels via jet engines or propellers
• In jet engines, air is drawn in, compressed, mixed with fuel, and then expelled out at high speed
• In propeller-driven aircraft, the spinning propellers generate thrust by pushing air backward
• Amount of thrust is determined by engine power, aircraft speed, and configuration
• Drag is the resistance that acts opposite the aircraft's motion
• Drag slows the aircraft down, the amount depends on shape and size
• Parasite drag is Caused by the aircraft’s shape and surface friction
• Induced drag is Generated by the production of lift, particularly at higher angles of attack
• Gravity pulls the aircraft toward the Earth
• Aircraft weight is the force of gravity acting on its mass
• Weight depends on the aircraft structure, passengers, cargo and fuel
• Forces must be in balance to maintain flight
• In climbing flight, lift exceeds gravity and pilot adjusts forces using flight controls

Stability

• Aircraft stability and control refer to the aircraft's ability to maintain balance
• Stability is the inherent tendency to return to flight conditions
• Consists of Longitudinal stability (pitch), Lateral stability (roll), and Directional stability (yaw)
• Control is the pilot's ability to adjust the aircraft’s flight path using control surfaces
• Control surfaces include ailerons,, elevators and rudder
• Weight and balance are Weight is the force exerted by gravity with the total mass of the aircraft
• Affects the lift required, how much runway is required
• Balance refers to the distribution of weight described by the center of gravity (CG)
• CG must be within limits defined by the manufacturer and unsafe conditions such as forward and aft

Weight and Balance Considerations

• Performance is the impact to rate, efficiency and maneuverability and improperly loaded aircraft
• Safety is the incorrect distribution and could affect the ability to recover from stalls or emergency situations.
• Aircraft Loading provides Aircraft must be loaded to ensure CG is within safe limits

Main Aircraft Systems

• The Cabin pressurization and air conditioning are critical to ensuring a environment.
• Communication systems (e.g., interphones, PA systems).
• Safety and emergency systems (e.g., oxygen systems, smoke detectors).

Cabin Pressurization basics

• Cabin pressurization is to maintain safe and comfortable when flying high
• The system takes in outside air, compresses it and pumps it into the cabin
• Pressurized air is regulated by valves maintain correct pressure
• Proper pressurization helps prevent issues like hypoxia

Aircraft Air Condition

• Air conditioning regulates the temperature and humidity
• Adjusts temperature by uses a combination of cooling and heating
• Air is circulated throughout the cabin, ensuring it is evenly distributed.
• Prevents the cabin from becoming too hot or too cold

Communication Basics

• Effective Communication includes coordination between all Crewmembers
• Good communication within the crew is essential
• Requires coordination and is typically convenient to group into three types:
• Flight deck, Passengers, Crew colleagues

Standard Flight Operations

• The Senior Cabin Crew Member is the person who acts as a link between the flight deck and the cabin crew
• Reports include the commander concerning the number of passengers who have boarded
• Further information includes destination facilities, such as wheelchairs
• Operational information includes delays, weather and risk of turbulence supplied means of the public address (PA) system

Sterile Flight Deck

• Procedures applied include
• Critical phases of flight including take off and landing
• Taxiing
• Below 10,000 feet, And any pilot in command
• All crew trained to flight crew compartment procedures

Procedure

• Restrict flight crew to essential operational activities and no disturbed by non-safety
• Cabin crew to enter for safety matters only which includes
• Fire, leaking fluid, exit door malfunctions and suspicious passengers
• Coordination and The leadership style of the SCCM is most determinants of crew interactions Communication is part of a social structure
• Inexperienced junior cabin crew could be reluctant to report anxieties
• Oral briefings before and during the flight by means of the aeroplane's PA system.

Communication in Emergency

• SCCM will be briefed by commander
• Will take form of commands that are quick and clear
• Short commands with no negative words
• Safety and emergency systems are critical in emergency
• Oxygen Systems are designed provide supplemental oxygen
• Masks are deployed automatically or manually, either by chemicals or continuously

Smoke Detectors

• They are installed in cabin, lavatories, and cargo to detect
• Use ionization and photoelectric sensors, an alert is triggered in the cockpit
• Fire Extinguishers are placed throughout
• Life Vests and Rafts for the case of a emergency water landing
• Emergency Exit Lighting and signage are essential for guidances of passengers

Altitude Physiology

• Consists of effects, compression scenarios, and managing passenger health issues
• Hypoxia occurs when the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply during high altitudes
• Includes symptoms, types and management

Types of Hypoxia

• Hypoxic is insufficient oxygen
• Anemic is an impaired blood
• Circulatory is inadequate blood flow
• Histotoxic is oxygen poisoning, cannot be used by cells

Symptoms of Hypoxia

• Mild is shortness of breath and dizziness
• Severe is blue lips or fingertips, organ failure

Management

• Supplemental oxygen use
• Aircraft descent to below 10,000 feet
• monitoring patients, especially decompression

Pressurization and Decompression Scenarios

• CABIN PRESSURIZATION is essential in maintaining oxygen
• Pressurization is maintained artificially and a sudden decompression can lead to rapid loss
• Results in shortness of breath and a need to don oxygen masks Decompression Types:
• Sudden: Occurs with structural issues (rapid)
• Slow: A gradual pressure loss, often harder to detect

Effects could be, from both

• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Ear pain

Steps After Decompression

• Put on O2 masks for all
• Start emergency descent below 10,000 feet
• Crew actions to ensure all wear masks and protocols are followed

Managing Passenger Health Issues

• Due to unique environment of flying at high altitudes
• Fainting Management -Lie passenger down to help restore blood flow -Elevate legs, as well -Give them water/fluids to rehydrate
• Dehydration -Encourage water consumption/avoid caffeine or alcohol
• Motion Sickness -Ginger and anti-nausea pills will do -Focus on the horizon/try to sit by wings -Good air circulation
• Heart-Related -Use available medical equipment -Oxygen support -Notify captain + request medical support if needed upon landing
• Respiratory Distress -Provide supplemental oxygen or nebulizer/inhaler -Make passenger comfortable

General Management Strategies

• Open communication with appropriate personnel
• Ensure access to medical kit

Company Manuals

• Iraqi Airways has:
• Operations Manual: Procedures and guidelines for handling flight operations and emergency
• Ground Operations Manual: Handling of aircraft servicing, etc.
• Cabin Safety Operations Manual: Outlines the cabin crew and their safety procedures

In-flight services department

• Organizational structure: Led by manager/director who oversees sections such as scheduling, training, in-flight services
• Responsibilities + duties of personnel is to coordinate all things relevant:
• Comply with safety, training, standards, and passenger complaints

Organization Link

• Liaison for cabin crew and airline management
• Support, guidance, resources, and is the point of contact for all in-flight relevant services/operations
• Communication is essential
• Can communicate thru:
• Instructions
• Memos
• Meetings
• Service Details

Fleet

• Iraqi Airways operates types of fleets:
• Airbus + Boeing (narrow body and wide)
• Cargo
• Turboprops

Seating Configurations

• Seating configuration on Iraqi Airways varies with aircraft Configurations contain:
• Economy
• Business
• First class

Type of Flights

• Domestic: Flights operating within Iraq: -Connects cities within country (Baghdad, Najaf, Basra) -Leaisure and business travelers International: International flights through major cities -Istanbul, Tehran, Dubai

• Caters to business, leisure, VFR

• Regional: Flights connection neighboring countries

• charters + VIP options available

• Hajj and Umrah + Repatriation Flights are available

• Pilgrims to transport, natural crises+ disaster trips available

More Flights

• They offer scheduled regular trips that follow a timetable -Tickets can be booked in advance

• Non schedule flights are for private or business trips

• Round trip flights offer discount

• One way trips involve travel with no return

ITA

• Trade Association of airline world founded and now has about 290 members
• Provides a platform for cooperation/safety
• Sets standards like ticketing and baggage
• Domestic and International Flight Destinations are listed

Key Facilities

Iraqi Airways operates from its main base at Baghdad International

Key Numbers

• There always has to be for sure ONE cabin crew member for EVERY 50 passengers
• Must be equipped on each slide equipped passenger (wide body) or pair of cross-aisle
• Aircraft (narrow body)
• Nominate seniour members

Must know Cabin Crew for Flights operations

• Has to have 3 months of operating experience

Cabin Crew Specific Operations

In order to operate must show the following

• A cabin crew must be reduced, if there is less
• The reduction is authorised by the commander
• Senior cabin member must be in cabin
• No more than the normal crew component needs to be in flight
• They should complete program training and certified
• Must speak language of flight

Cabin Crew Contractual Obligations

• Different types of employment contracts
• Entitled for labour laws + policy of agreements
• For annual, unpaid and maternity leave are all in agreement with said policy of agreements + labour laws

The Job

• Must ensure safety and comfort by policies
• Must brief the documents and safety of passengers
• Dynamic hours so important that you prioritize safety and customer service at all times