Renal 3

<p>Reflects urine concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>855–1335 m Osm/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood nitrogen levels related to amino acid catabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe decreases in GFR due to renal disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inulin clearance test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efficient filtration and excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess renal plasma flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased erythropoietin production leading to anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine production decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved kidney function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes and hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration function may recover in weeks to months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricting water, salt, and protein intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It employs an artificial membrane for blood regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunosuppressive drugs are necessary post-transplant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingesting bicarbonate ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dialysis relieves symptoms but is not a cure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to toxic substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive urine from the kidneys and conduct it to the urinary bladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscularis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expand and disappear as the bladder fills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the outlet of the urinary bladder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ureteric orifices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral and medial umbilical ligaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receive, store, and eliminate urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is formed by the ureteral openings and the urethra entrance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of stretch receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200-400 mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction, facilitating urine expulsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irritation of the urinary tract lining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases sympathetic activity to promote sphincter contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal urethral sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostatic urethra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To permit voluntary urination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About half the length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscularis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow for expansion to hold urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal range for the acidity (pH) of urine is 4.5 to 8, with an average of 6.0.

The normal range for urine specific gravity is 1.003 to 1.030.

The typical daily urine output is 700 to 2000 milliliters.

Urine is mostly water, typically 93 to 97% by volume.

Urinalysis involves examining a urine sample to analyze its components for potential medical issues.

Urine is composed primarily of water, electrolytes, solutes from metabolism, and potentially exogenous substances or drugs.

Presence of red blood cells in urine suggests possible infection or kidney stones, but other sources are possible.

Presence of white blood cells in urine potentially indicates infection in the urinary tract.

Measures blood nitrogen, a part of urea resulting from amino acid breakdown. This rises with severe reduced kidney filtration (GFR).

Measures creatinine levels in the blood, which comes from muscle breakdown. It also rises with decreased kidney filtration (GFR).

Measures how efficiently kidneys filter inulin out of the blood. High clearance = efficient filtration. Can be used to measure GFR.

A measurement of how efficiently the kidneys filter blood. A drop in GFR signals kidney issues and impacts waste removal.

Condition in which kidneys fail to effectively filter wastes, impacting overall body function.

Measures the amount of plasma processed by the kidneys per minute. It's used to measure how fast blood flows through the kidneys.

The volume of plasma passing through the kidneys per minute, essential for kidney function.

Methods including urinalysis, blood tests like BUN & creatinine, and clearance tests (like inulin and PAH) used to assess kidney health and function.

The urinary tract is comprised of the ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

The bladder stores urine and releases it through the urethra.

The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside.

Peristalsis is the wave-like muscular contractions that move substances through the body. It's how ureters move urine to the bladder.

The bladder sits just behind the pubic bone, outside of the peritoneal cavity.

Rugae are folds in the urine bladder's lining that disappear as the bladder expands.

The trigone is a triangular region in the bladder formed by the two ureter openings and the urethra entrance.

A gradual decline in kidney function over time, often caused by diabetes or hypertension. It's not reversible, but progression can be slowed.

A sudden and rapid decline in kidney function, typically caused by toxins, ischemia, obstruction, or trauma. Recovery is possible, but the kidney may be damaged.

This occurs due to a sudden disruption of the kidney's filtration system, often caused by toxins (drugs, medications), lack of blood flow (ischemia), blockage (obstruction), or physical injury (trauma).

This involves reducing the strain on kidneys by limiting water, salt, and protein intake. This minimizes urine volume and nitrogenous waste.

Renal failure often leads to acidosis, where the blood becomes too acidic. This can be countered by ingesting bicarbonate ions, which neutralize acid.

A type of dialysis using an artificial membrane outside the body to filter blood. It removes waste products and regulates blood composition.

A surgical procedure where a healthy kidney is transplanted from a donor into a recipient with renal failure. It is the only cure for severe kidney failure.

The area surrounding the opening of the urethra in the urinary bladder. It contains a muscular sphincter that controls the flow of urine.

A muscular ring of smooth muscle located within the neck of the urinary bladder. It's involuntary, meaning you don't consciously control it.

A ring of skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra, located below the prostate in males and at the pelvic floor in females. It's voluntary, meaning you can consciously control it.

The bladder is made up of four main layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and connective tissue.

The innermost layer of the bladder, characterized by rugae and transitional epithelium. It allows the bladder to expand and hold urine.

The muscle that controls the contraction of the urinary bladder. It consists of three layers: inner longitudinal, circular, and outer longitudinal.

The male urethra is longer than the female urethra, and it carries both urine and semen.

The female urethra is shorter and only carries urine. It opens to the exterior between the clitoris and the vagina.

The Micturition Reflex, also known as the urination reflex, is the process of coordinating urine release from the bladder. It involves both a localized reflex pathway and a central pathway through the brain.

Stretch receptors in the bladder wall detect bladder distension as it fills with urine. They send signals to the brain and spinal cord.

When the bladder fills, sympathetic nerves stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, preventing urination.

The pontine storage center in the brain helps regulate bladder storage by decreasing parasympathetic activity (relaxation) and increasing somatic motor nerve activity (contraction) of the external urethral sphincter.

During urination (micturition), the pontine micturition center triggers the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax, allowing urine to flow out.

The cerebral cortex receives signals from the bladder and controls voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter, allowing for voluntary urination.

Polyuria is the production of excessive urine, often caused by hormonal or metabolic problems like diabetes or kidney disease.

Oliguria is a decrease in urine production, while anuria is the near complete absence of urine output. Both indicate serious kidney problems.