C Tutorial: VS Code and GCC Installation

• The video offers a comprehensive C tutorial, from basic to advanced levels.
• The tutorial contains 11 chapters, complete with timestamps for convenient navigation.
• There are 100 questions, including 70 solved by the instructor and 30 for homework.
• Codes and notes are available in the description for review.

Software Installation

• VS Code (code editor) and GCC (compiler) are two essential tools for C coding.
• VS Code is versatile and supports multiple languages such as C, C++, and Java.
• A compiler is necessary to verify code syntax and convert it into machine-readable format.

VS Code Installation

• To install VS Code for Windows, search for "Download VS Code."
• During the installation, select all checkboxes, including the option to create a desktop icon.
• After installation, VS Code can be launched by searching for it in the system.
• VS Code offers options for both light and dark themes.
• The "New File" option in VS Code allows users to immediately begin writing code.
• VS Code is compatible with existing, pre-downloaded code editors.

C Compiler (GCC) Installation

• To download the C compiler, search for "MinGW GCC".
• Download the version from sourceforge.net.
• The installation directory appears in a pop-up window.
• During installation, select all language packages, then click "Installation" and "Apply Changes".
• Allow time for the packages to download.
• Close the window when all changes are successfully applied.

Environment Variable Setup

• Environment variable setup allows one to run C code within the system.
• Navigate to "This PC" in the system's file explorer and find the "MinGW" folder.
• Access the "bin" folder inside "MinGW".
• Copy the displayed path, for example, "C:\MinGW\bin."
• Search for "Control Panel" and navigate to "Systems," then "Advanced System Settings."
• In the pop-up window, select "Environment Variables".
• In "System variables," locate "Path" and edit it.
• Add a new path by pasting the copied "MinGW\bin" location, press Enter, OK, OK, and OK.

Running a Sample Code

• After setting up the environment, open VS Code to run sample code.
• Create and save a new file as "hello_world.c."
• Install the "C/C++" extension to enable full functionality before running the code.
• Open a new terminal and enter commands to execute the code.
• After executing successfully, the "Hello, World!" message will appear on the screen.

Creating a C Code File

• In VS Code, either open an existing folder or create a new folder, such as "C Tutorials."
• Create a new file (e.g., "hello.c") inside the folder to write C code.
• Files can be named freely, such as "first program," but the ".c" extension indicates that it's a C file.

Sample C Code Explanation:

• The code includes elements that may be unfamiliar at first.
• The code features elements such as stdio.h, int main(), printf("Hello World"), and return 0.
• C code isn't inherently difficult, its purpose is to print "Hello World" on the screen.
• Open a new terminal to run the code.
• Invoke the C compiler (GCC) by typing gcc and the file name.
• Compile the file using an invocation to the compiler; for example, gcc hello.c.
• Once compiled, run the code using ./a.out (or a.exe on Windows).
• The "Hello World" message will then be printed to the screen.
• Those using Windows should type \.a.exe to run the code because Windows names the output file a.exe by default.

Key Concepts in C:

• Covered are variables, keywords, constants, comments, the basic program structure of a C program, compilation, and program execution.

Variables

• Variables are names given to memory locations where data is stored.
• Variables are like shoe boxes in a store or spice containers in a kitchen that hold specific items and data.
• A variable in computer memory is a named location where data, such as the number 25 or the character 's', can be stored.
• int a = 25 stores the number 25 in a memory location named 'a', so 'a' is the variable.
• To store "s", the character is assigned to the memory location "b".

C Variable Implementation with Code:

• To store 25, use int number = 25.
• Use char star = '*' to store an asterisk.
• To store an age, use int age = 22.
• float pi = 3.14 stores the value 3.14 with ‘pi'.

C Variable Rules:

• They are Case-sensitive (a and A are distinct variables).
• The first character must be an alphabet letter (A-Z, a-z) or an underscore (_).
• Variable names can only include the underscore character.
• Commas or blank spaces are not allowed.
• No special symbols are allowed, except for the underscore.

Updating Variable Value Notes:

• Variable values can change, for example, age = 24 updates the age variable.
• Use meaningful names for variables for better readability, such as final_price instead of fp.

Data Types

• They are used when deciding what type of data a variable can store.
• Common data types in C include character and integer.
• Data types indicate what kind of data is stored and how much memory is allocated.
• A character uses 1 byte of memory, an integer typically uses 2 bytes, and a float (decimal) often uses 4 bytes.
• C doesn't have built-in boolean or string types, unlike later languages.

Important Data Types Overview

• Includes int (integer values), float (decimal values), and char (single characters).
• int age = 22 will store 22
• float pi = 3.14 stores the value of pi
• char symbol = '#' shows another data example

Constants

• Constants are fixed values that cannot be changed while the program is running.
• Integer Constants: 1, 2, 3, 0, -1, .-2` (numerical values).
• Real Constants: 1.0, 2.0, 3.14, -2.4 (real numbers with decimal points).
• Character Constants: A, a, #, %, *, @ (characters in single quotes).
• Character constants must be in single quotes, like 'A'.

Keywords

• Keywords cannot be used as variable names.
• These words are reserved and have special meanings known to the compiler.
• There are 32 keywords in the C language.

C Programming Structure:

• The format of a C program is similar to the layout of a human body, including the components to include, the main function, and comments.
• It starts with #include (preprocessor directive).
• int main() indicates where the main function begins.
• The main part of the program is the code inside the curly braces {} in main().
• Instructions are executed line by line.
• Typically, each line ends with a semicolon (;), which is like a full stop in English.
• The C language is case-sensitive.

Program Elements

• It must include the preprocessor directive #include .
• It needs "int main{}".
• It requires curly braces and a return 0, with the curly braces being where code is placed.
• Semicolons (;) are required at the end of each line.

How to Comment Code

• Comments are helpful for notes or explanations that will be ignored by the compiler
• Double slashes // add comments that the computer ignores.
• The \* and */ characters allow multi-line comments.
• Comments help in code clarity, especially in large projects.

Output via print

• Use the printF function.
• The print function is a pre-existing C library call
• Inside the printF call, enclose whatever you want displayed in double quotes.
• To start something on a new line, add a backslash and "n" ("/n") at the end.
• Use %d, %f, or %c to make a variable print from within printF to match that variable.

Format Specifier:

• There are three data types: strings, integers, and characters.
• %d represents integers.
• Percentage F is for real numbers with data values.
• Percentage C is for characters.

Data input

• The scanF function is used to get information/data rather than display it
• Use the same format and a variable.
• Apply "% " with variables as needed based on type
• The variable's location must be mentioned with an ampersand.

Input/Output Code Example:

• A program to enter two numbers (a and b) and output their sum to show how it works
• Input is required first, then assigned to a variable name.
• Assign both variables, then add input+input by using a third.
• A part can be removed by not needing the 3rd variable name.

Copmpilation

• The C code is converted to machine code via a compiler, like a translator, that ensures the computer can properly read and execute program steps.
• Compilation files check for code syntax and errors.
• If the syntax is wrong, compilation won't finish, but if the syntax is correct, new files can be generated for Windows or Linux.

Question

• Write a program to calculate the area of a square.
• Also, the program can print out the output or check types etc with math to make it look professional.

Practice Problem

• Write a program involving a circle.
• The code will change when a user types in a radius with a given formula
• Codes can also be checked and compared with other things.

C Basic Recap

• The basics of C were recently covered.
• The concepts can be used in different math problems for middle school.

Chapter 2 Info

• What to use and how when coding in C will be covered.
• Slides will be available.
• Data types, variables, etc, will be shown.

Structure:

Instructions

• Steps to build computer sequence such as building a chair or car

Instruction Types

• Includes types, arithmetic, and control, where type creates variables, types are math and control makes decisions.

Writing Type Declaration Statements, including rules

• You must declare it first, like int a, and then set the name.
• Declare before using!
• The computer must know what you want.
• For example, int b = a is used to create b after "a".

Rules with good examples.

• Use int a = 22
• Then use b = a to ensure it works.
• Use c = b + 1.
• d = 1, e can still be used.

Bad codes

• Cannot use a letter in the middle/before its creation.
• Actions must be take before all else.
• No quick skipping by setting defaults on the same declaration.

Arithmetic

• A+b yields numbers.
• A is operand 1
• B is operand 2
• Operators include +, -, /, and *.

Implementing this in C Code

• To complete A + B must be done.
• Must be one variable on the Left.

Using the Math Operators

• Operators include /, -, and *.
• The module key is known as the remainder.
• B+c = a is prohibited because we must assign to a.
• Do not use "power of b", use #include to express said Power.

Notes from earlier can be applied to code.

• 1 = 1
• Extra 0 may be required.

#Module.

• % to take remainder numbers.
• will always be 0

Notes when dividing

• If numbers divide negative.
• -8 % 3.
• Can see with GCC.

Data Type

• Mixing numbers affects result.
• int+int will give int
• Double will show result with 0
• The data will convert.

Convert:

• 2/3 double will generate.
• Can round.

Changing "19" with int.

• Can't use since not the same.
• Can typecast.
• Will not round.
• Just removes.

Presidents

• Follow BEDMAS.
• Then + math add sub then = =
• "a + b = c" means "put a = b into c."
• Z = ( x * 4)
• Left to Right.

Coding questions

• Find to math.
• Find steps.

New Instructions.

• Includes Control and decision.

Control

• Includes Sequence loop, branch,call
• Sequence reads lines.

Branching

• If other decision.
• Cases similar.

Different things about using

• Operators: >, >=, < , <-

Not equal and notes

• ! Allows you to reverse if true or false.
• Returns false if not (!).
• "&&" means " both must be true to be true" or false if something not valid

Logical key "Or"

• Only False + False == False
• Otherwise, True.

Then Not "!"

• Can apply in a statement.
• Template this code.

Combination Note:

• Use () brackets and code.

Short Operator

• +=. -=
• short math.

Important things

• Follow always
• Easy coding.

C and Output and Function call

void something(int number){

printf("Here's output");

}

int main(void){

// then can call the same things in the method or class at one spot
someting(2); //call

return 0;
}

Review

• Branch
• It's True or False?
• Return if nothing valid.
• Redo using code.
• Use the codes.
• Follow notes etc.

Tips for coding C?

• correct data types

Multi Code:

• "Command + /" == comment.

Chapter 3

Conditional

• If/ELSE - true or false?
• Sunny == smile; sad;
• Rain == Umbrella; No.

Different things with

• Older get in free; Else 5.
• "IF" need "els" set
• M; this; that.

Function

1. Write.
2. Set. 3 Output

• if A { CODE }
• Default start at top

void main() {
  if (2> 3){
  //run code
  }
  els{
  // run code
  }
}

Els = Optinal.

• Yes A; top:

IN Dephth!

if

els {

 IF 3 + 3 is 0{ }' \\"ELSE{
}}

• Control C

TIP

• Use.
• Each ELSE needs IF.

Ternery

• Easy. ( CONDITION ? TRUE : FALSE);
• Basic syntax.

int code = 3
code == 2 ? (yes) : (no);

switch

• Character/Numbers
• Check exmaple!

void code =""5""
SWITCH () {
  code 1 : //run
brake.
  code: 2 //run here
  // no code will get ran if default.

brake;
}

1 write func

• Function allows Methods will adding/display. 2 Create Variable

3. Assign Correct.

Ternery

• Set Scan code.
• Follwo setup.

code<10;  (yes); : (no); to give basic answer

if code

if (5 < 10) {

 (yes).

}

els {

 (no).

}

View Results

• Makes Good!!""

parts

• Names and ""{ }"" assign""

notes

• IF !

Homework time!!!""

• Test ensure ""ok"", files
• read files

Loops

• LOOP = repeat code""
• Building repeat.
• IF loops.

Us cases.""

"print 100x.

loop

Code = for, ""while"" , ""DO"" Check all!!!""

Code

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code
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IN USE

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notes""

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questions and answers.

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poinst""

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• point store Test

Math code is. Correct Random bad

c = plus to points ok?

Points notes

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• ++ Correct

Double codes = ok?

Math is numbers

• ++ and ++++++++

test runn and use if in code""

Make code to make code!"""

Void check or follow.

Tests

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