C Programming Week 2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a basic data type in C?

  • double
  • const (correct)
  • float
  • char

What is the primary characteristic of a pointer in C?

  • It holds the memory address of another variable. (correct)
  • It is used exclusively for string data.
  • It stores the value of variables directly.
  • It automatically manages memory allocation.

What is the typical size of an 'int' data type in C?

  • 2 bytes
  • 8 bytes
  • 16 bytes
  • 4 bytes (correct)

Which data type allows multiple members to share the same memory location?

<p>Union (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a double data type variable?

<p>double area = 50.0; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the const keyword affect a variable in C?

<p>It prevents the variable's value from being changed after initialization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the keyword 'void' signify in a function's return type?

<p>The function does not return any value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about arrays in C is accurate?

<p>The size of an array is fixed after definition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about local variables is true?

<p>They are accessible only within the block they are declared. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes derived data types?

<p>They include types like arrays, pointers, and structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum size for a 'short' data type typically in C?

<p>2 bytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the #define directive in C?

<p>To define macros or constants at the preprocessing stage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'const' keyword in variable declaration?

<p>To declare a variable that cannot be modified. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement of the members of a structure in C?

<p>They can be of different data types. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about signed and unsigned types is true?

<p>Signed types can hold both negative and positive values, while unsigned types can only hold non-negative values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data type would be appropriate for storing the height of a person in meters?

<p>double (C), float (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between variable definition and declaration?

<p>Definition allocates memory, while declaration does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of a global variable in a C program?

<p>Visible throughout the entire translation unit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are variables declared in C?

<p>With a data type and an optional initialization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of identifiers would be treated as different by C due to case sensitivity?

<p>number and Number (A), variable and Variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data type would be best for storing a single character?

<p>char (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime of a local variable?

<p>Only during the execution of the function or block. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must the main function return at the end of program execution?

<p>an integer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the purpose of 'int argc' in the main function?

<p>Represents the number of command-line arguments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the escape sequence '\n' do in a C program?

<p>Moves the cursor to a new line (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct syntax to declare a main function that accepts command-line arguments?

<p>int main(int argc, char* argv[]) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which comment style allows for multiple lines in C code?

<p>/* This is a comment */ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the output of the following code: printf("Welcome\nto\nFallTerm!\n");?

<p>Welcome to FallTerm! (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the backslash '' in escape sequences?

<p>It acts as an escape character (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valid escape sequence?

<p>\p (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the declaration of a variable in C specify?

<p>The type of the variable without allocating memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the scope of global variables?

<p>They exist for the entire program's execution time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a local variable is created, when is its memory allocated?

<p>When the function or block is entered. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between variable definition and declaration in C?

<p>Definition allocates memory; declaration specifies type and indicates implementation elsewhere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of variables is accessible throughout the entire program?

<p>Global variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lifetime of a local variable once the function it belongs to exits?

<p>The variable's memory is deallocated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of specifying a data type when declaring a variable in C?

<p>To indicate how much memory to allocate for the variable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does case sensitivity in C affect variable identifiers?

<p>It allows different usage of similar names with differing cases to represent different variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'institutionID' represent in the example provided?

<p>A global variable that can be accessed in any function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes 'studentID' in the resizeClass function?

<p>It is a local variable that exists only within the while loop. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of data types in C programming?

<p>They dictate the memory allocation and operations allowed on a variable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In C, how many bytes does a float typically occupy?

<p>4 bytes (32 bits) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data type is used to represent real numbers with greater precision in C?

<p>double (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the keyword 'void' indicate when used in a function declaration?

<p>The function does not return any value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about local variables is incorrect?

<p>They can be accessed outside of their defining function or block. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about basic data types is true regarding their size?

<p>A float generally occupies less memory than a double. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the default precision for the %f format specifier in the printf function?

<p>6 decimal places (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the output of the following printf function: printf("x=%4.1f, y=%7.2f", 15.231, 65.875948);?

<p>x=15.2, y=65.88 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example with scanf("%3f%4f", &a, &b), what value will be stored in variable 'a' if the input is 5.965.87?

<p>5.9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the output's right justification in printf when using field width?

<p>The specified field width (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many characters will the output 'b' have if it is formatted using printf with a field width of 4 (e.g., b=5)?

<p>4 characters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following printf format specifiers correctly formats a floating-point number to display one digit after the decimal point and minimum width of 4?

<p>%4.1f (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the scanf function scans the input string '1234.56', what value will be assigned to 'b' when using scanf("%3f%4f", &a, &b)?

<p>4.56 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of control flow in C does not involve looping?

<p>Conditionals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a struct in C?

<p>Groups variables of different types in a single unit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'long long' data type guarantee in C?

<p>At least 8 bytes of storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pointers is accurate?

<p>They can point to any data type (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a union in C?

<p>Only one member can be accessed at a time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using the 'const' keyword in a declaration?

<p>It defines a variable that cannot be altered after initialization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are array sizes determined in C?

<p>By the number of elements and the size of each element (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable can a pointer in C hold?

<p>Addresses of any variable type (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using the '#define' directive incorrectly, as in '#define MAX 10;' with a semicolon?

<p>It generates an error during the compilation process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'scanf' function require to store input values in the variables specified?

<p>The address of each variable involved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the value of the variable 'term' after executing 'scanf("%d:%f", &marks, &term);' with the input '1500:20.5'?

<p>20.5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are macros defined with arguments expanded in C?

<p>They replace arguments with passed values during compilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What value will 'a' and 'b' hold after executing 'scanf("%2d%3d", &a, &b);' with input '6903901'?

<p>a = 69, b = 39 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the usage of the 'const' keyword?

<p>Using 'const' improves code readability, indicating values should remain constant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of evaluating the macro 'SUM(4, 5)' using the definition '#define SUM(x, y) ((x) + (y))'?

<p>It results in 9. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the statement 'printf("Max students: %d\n", MAX_STUDENTS);' output given 'MAX_STUDENTS' is defined as 500?

<p>Max students: 500 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Array

A collection of elements of the same data type.

Pointer

Holds the memory address of another variable.

Structure (struct)

Groups variables of different types into a single unit.

Union

Members share the same memory location.

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Signed/Unsigned

Modifiers for integer types, deciding whether to allow negative or positive values.

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Short/Long

Modifiers to change the size of integer types. Modifying storage size.

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long long

Extended version of long integers, guaranteeing at least 8 bytes of storage.

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const

Keyword to declare a variable whose value cannot be changed after initialization.

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Global variable

A variable declared outside any function, accessible throughout the program.

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Local variable

A variable declared inside a function, only accessible within that function.

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Data Type (int)

Represents whole numbers (integers).

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Data Type (char)

Represents a single character.

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Data Type (float)

Represents real numbers with a fractional part (single-precision).

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Data Type (double)

Represents real numbers with higher precision than float (double-precision).

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Data Type (void)

Represents the absence of a type, often used for functions that return nothing.

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Variable Scope

The region of a program where a variable can be accessed.

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Variable Declaration

Specifies the type of variable and declares its existence, but doesn't allocate memory.

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Variable Definition

Allocates memory for a variable and, optionally, gives it an initial value.

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Variable Lifetime

The duration during which a variable exists in memory.

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Data Type (int, char, float, double)

Specifies the kind of values stored in a variable.

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Case Sensitivity (programming)

Programming languages that treat upper and lowercase letters differently.

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Main Function

The starting point of a C program. It's the first function executed when the program runs.

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Command-Line Arguments

Information passed to a program when it's executed, often used to customize its behavior.

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What does return 0; indicate?

It signals that the program executed successfully, typically used at the end of the main function.

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Escape Sequence

Special combinations of characters that represent non-printable characters or actions (like a newline).

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What is \n?

An escape sequence that moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line, creating a line break.

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Variable

A named container that stores a piece of data in a program.

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Declare a Variable

To tell the C compiler the type of data a variable will store, but without assigning it a value yet.

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Scope

The region of a program where a variable can be accessed.

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Lifetime

The duration for which a variable exists in memory.

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Variable Initialization

Assigning an initial value to a variable during its declaration or definition.

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Case Sensitivity

A programming language feature where capitalization matters. For example, myVar and myvar are considered different variables.

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int Data Type

Represents whole numbers (integers) without a fractional part. It's used for counting, indexing, and other operations that require integer values.

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char Data Type

Represents a single character, like a letter, a digit, or a symbol. It's used for storing and manipulating characters.

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float Data Type

Represents real numbers (numbers with fractional parts) with a certain level of precision. It's used for storing and manipulating numbers with decimal points.

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double Data Type

Represents real numbers with higher precision than float. It's used for calculations that require greater accuracy.

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void Data Type

Represents the absence of a type and is used for functions that don't return any value. It's often used to indicate that the function performs an action but doesn't return a result.

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Data Type

Specifies the kind of data a variable can hold. It defines the type and size of the data that can be stored and manipulated within a program.

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What is an array?

An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations. You access individual elements using an index starting from 0.

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What does a pointer store?

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. It allows you to access the data stored at that address.

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What is a structure?

A structure is a composite data type that groups variables of different data types into a single unit, called a structure variable. It allows you to organize related data together.

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What is a union?

A union is similar to a structure, but all its members share the same memory location. Only one member can be active at a time.

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What is the purpose of the const keyword?

The const keyword makes a variable read-only. Once a value is assigned to a const variable, it cannot be changed later.

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What is a signed integer?

A signed integer can represent both positive and negative numbers.

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What is an unsigned integer?

An unsigned integer can only represent non-negative (positive and zero) numbers.

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What is the difference between short and long integers?

The short and long keywords modify the size (number of bytes) used to represent an integer. A short integer uses less memory than a long integer, but can store a smaller range of values.

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#define vs const

#define creates a macro that substitutes text during pre-processing. 'const' declares a variable that cannot be modified after initialization.

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printf Function

A function in C that prints formatted output to the console. It uses a 'control string' to define the format and variables to be printed.

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Control String

A string used in 'printf' to specify the format of the output. It includes placeholders for variables and formatting instructions.

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Macro with Arguments

Macros with arguments are like functions that can take inputs and replace text based on those inputs.

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Field Width

Specifies the minimum number of characters to be printed for a variable. If the variable's value is shorter, it is right-justified and padded with spaces.

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Nesting of Macros

Macros can be nested, meaning one macro can use another macro.

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Precision (For Floats)

Refers to the number of digits shown after the decimal point for floating-point numbers. It influences how precise the displayed representation is.

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scanf control string

The control string in scanf specifies how the input data should be read and interpreted. It dictates the format of the input.

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scanf Function

Reads formatted input from the console. It uses a 'control string' to define how the input should be interpreted.

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scanf Example: int & float

Using scanf with %d and %f reads an integer and a floating-point number.

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scanf Example: String

Reading a string with scanf uses %s.

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Control Flow

The order in which statements are executed in a program. It involves conditionals and loops that determine which code blocks are run.

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scanf Example: Field Width Specifier

A number before a format specifier (like %2d) limits the number of characters read.

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Conditionals

Code structures that allow different parts of the program to execute based on certain conditions.

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What does return 0; signify?

It indicates that the program executed successfully.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: C Programming
  • Course Code: CST8234
  • Week: 2
  • Topic: Basics of the language

Objectives

  • Write simple C programs
  • Use I/O statements
  • Understand fundamental data types
  • Write simple decision-making statements
  • Learn about control specifiers
  • Understand macros
  • Introduction to arrays

Basics of the C Language

  • The main function is the entry point of a C program.
  • Using other files and libraries (e.g., #include <stdio.h>).
  • C program structure: preprocessor directives, function definitions, statements and expressions.
  • Variables
  • Control Flow (conditionals and loops)
  • Functions

Typical C Program Structure

  • Preprocessor directives: lines beginning with # (e.g., #include).
  • Function definitions: including the main function and other functions.
  • Statements and expressions: actual code to perform operations.

Example of a Typical C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int add(int a, int b) {
  return a + b;
}
int main() {
  int result = add(5, 3);
  printf("The result is %d\n", result);
  return 0;
}

#include Directive

  • Used to include the contents of a file within another file.
  • Useful for including libraries (e.g., stdio.h) and user-defined header files.
  • Syntax:
    • #include <filename.h>: include from a standard library.
    • #include "filename.h": include from a local directory.

How #include Works

  • Preprocessor stage: replaces the #include directive with the contents of the specified file before compilation.
  • Inclusion of content: the compiler processes included content as part of the original file.

Avoiding Multiple Inclusions

  • Use include guards (e.g., #ifndef, #define, #endif) to prevent multiple inclusions of the same header file.

The main Function (Example)

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  printf("Welcome to C!\n");
  return 0;
}

Variables

  • Variables in C store data.
  • They must be declared before use with a data type.
  • Example: int age = 25;, char initial = 'A';.
  • Different data types: int, char, float, double.

Variables Definition vs Declaration

  • Definition: allocates memory and initializes a variable.
  • Declaration: declares a variable without allocating memory.

Scope and Lifetime of Variables

  • Global variables: accessible throughout the entire program.
  • Local variables: accessible only within the function or block where they are declared.

Data Types

  • int: whole numbers
  • char: single characters
  • float: single-precision floating-point numbers
  • double: double-precision floating-point numbers

Derived Data Types

  • void: absence of type
  • array: collection of elements of the same type.
  • pointer: holds memory address of another variable.
  • struct: groups variables of different types.
  • union: similar to structure, but members share memory.

Modified Data Types

  • signed/unsigned int: specify whether integers can be negative or not.
  • short/long int: modify integer size.
  • long long: an extended version of long int.

const Keyword

  • const variables have values that cannot be changed after initialization.
  • Useful for defining constants (e.g., configuration parameters).

Macro

  • Used to define macros or constants during the preprocessing stage.
  • The #define directive is used to substitute text in the code with a literal value.
  • Example: macro #define MAX_VALUE 100.

const vs #define

  • const: has type safety, allocates memory.
  • #define: no type safety, no memory allocation.

Control Specifiers in scanf and printf

  • scanf reads input from the user, printf displays output.
  • Control strings specify input/output formats.
  • Use format specifiers (e.g., %d for integers, %f for floats, %s for strings).

Functions

  • Functions are fundamental building blocks in a C program.
  • Function syntax: <return type> <function name>(<parameters>).
  • Functions are reusable code blocks.

For Loop:

  • Used for fixed iterations

While Loop:

- Used for iterations based on a condition

Do-while:

 - The loop body is executed at least once.

Logical Operators

  • &&: logical AND, ||: logical OR, !: logical NOT

Relational Operators

- `==`, `!=`, `<`, `>`, `<=`, `>=`: Used to compare values and create conditions.

Ternary Operator

  • A shorthand for if-else statements.

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Week 2 - C Programming Fundamentals PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of C programming language, focusing on writing simple C programs, understanding I/O statements, and fundamental data types. It also introduces control flow and arrays, providing essential skills for coding in C. Test your knowledge on these basic concepts with this quiz.

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