C++ Programming Concepts Quiz

Basic C++ Elements

• C++ programs have a basic structure:
  • Preprocessor directives (e.g., #include <iostream>)
  • Global declarations (variables)
  • int main() function (entry point)
  • Local declarations (variables within main())
  • Statements (instructions)
  • Comments (explained or described; ignored by the compiler)

Comments

• Single-line comments: // followed by text on the same line
• Multi-line comments: /* text */

Preprocessor Directives

• Start with # symbol
• e.g., #include <iostream>, #include <cmath>, #define
• Directives are processed before compilation

Using Directives

• using namespace std; (tells compiler to use elements from the standard C++ library)

Functions

• int main(): entry point of execution
• Functions have a return type (e.g., int, double)
• Functions have parameters (inputs) indicated by their names
• Functions process tasks using statements within curly braces {}
• Return a value to the operating system (return 0;) to indicate normal program completion.

Global/Local Scope

• Identifiers (variables, constants) have scope within the part of the program where they are defined
• Local identifiers only work within a function (or block of code)
• Global identifiers are available anywhere in the program after definition.

Character Set

• Numbers (0-9)
• Alphabets (a-z, A-Z), _ (underscore)
• Special characters (e.g., +, -, *, /, =, !, ?, $, etc.)
• Spaces (blanks/tabs/line breaks)

Tokens

• Keywords (e.g., int, float, const, using, return)
• Identifiers (user-defined names for variables)
• Operators (e.g., +, -, *, /)
• Punctuators (e.g., ;, (, ), [, ], {, })
• String literals ("text")

Reserved Words

• Have special meanings in C++, and cannot be used for other purposes.
• All lowercase letters and case-sensitive.
• (e.g., int, float, const, while, for, if, else

Identifiers

• Names for variables, constants, and functions.
• Can use letters, numbers, and underscores, but must start with a letter or underscore.
• Capitalization matters (e.g., myVariable is different from myvariable).
• Cannot be a reserved word.

Constants

• Store values that are not intended to change during program execution.
• Defined using const keyword
• #define preprocessor directive to define symbolic constants

Variables

• Store values, and these values can change during program execution.
• Must be declared before using them, specifying the type
• Use lowercase for variable names (e.g., userName).

###Data Types

• int: integers (short, int, long)
• float, double, long double: floating-point numbers
• char: single characters
• bool: boolean (true/false)
• void: no value at all (for functions returning nothing)

Input/Output

• cin: reads input from the console
• cout: displays output to the console
• endl: inserts a new line into output
• setw: sets the width of output fields
• setprecision: specifies number of decimal places

Operators

• Arithmetic (+, -, *, /, %)
• Relational (>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=)
• Logical (&&, ||, !)
• Assignment (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=);
• Increment/Decrement (++, --)

Escape Sequences(Output)

• Escape sequences to display special characters like "\n" (new line) or "" (backslash).

Operator Precedence

• The order in which operators are evaluated, important for complex expressions

Test your knowledge on key concepts in C++ programming through this quiz. Questions cover topics such as variable declaration, mathematical calculations, and the purpose of certain directives and statements in C++. Perfect for students and anyone looking to brush up on their C++ skills.