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What is Computer Programming?
What is Computer Programming?
Computer Programming is a medium for us to communicate with computers, similar to how we use languages like Hindi or English to communicate with each other.
C is one of the oldest and finest programming languages.
C is one of the oldest and finest programming languages.
True
What are the primary uses of the C programming language? (Select all that apply)
What are the primary uses of the C programming language? (Select all that apply)
What does a variable store in a programming language?
What does a variable store in a programming language?
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An entity whose value doesn't change is called a ______.
An entity whose value doesn't change is called a ______.
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Which of the following is a type of constant in C? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a type of constant in C? (Select all that apply)
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What is the purpose of keywords in programming?
What is the purpose of keywords in programming?
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What is the purpose of the #include <stdio.h> statement in C?
What is the purpose of the #include <stdio.h> statement in C?
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What is the role of the main() function in a C program?
What is the role of the main() function in a C program?
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Each instruction in a C program is terminated with a semicolon (;).
Each instruction in a C program is terminated with a semicolon (;).
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Instructions in C are case-sensitive.
Instructions in C are case-sensitive.
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The order in which instructions are written in a C program determines the order of their execution.
The order in which instructions are written in a C program determines the order of their execution.
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What is the purpose of comments in programming?
What is the purpose of comments in programming?
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What are the two types of comments used in C?
What are the two types of comments used in C?
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Comments are considered a part of the program and are executed.
Comments are considered a part of the program and are executed.
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What is the process of converting a C program into an executable file called?
What is the process of converting a C program into an executable file called?
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What is the purpose of a C compiler?
What is the purpose of a C compiler?
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What are library functions in C?
What are library functions in C?
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What is the purpose of the printf() function in C?
What is the purpose of the printf() function in C?
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The %d format specifier is used for displaying real numbers.
The %d format specifier is used for displaying real numbers.
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Study Notes
C Programming Notes
- Computer programming is a medium for communicating with computers, similar to using languages like Hindi or English to communicate with each other.
- Programming instructs the computer.
- C is an old and refined programming language.
- C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, USA in 1972.
- C is used for numerous system components, including major parts of Windows and Linux operating systems.
- C is used for device drivers, such as those for tablets and printers.
- C is used to program embedded systems, like microwaves and cameras.
- These systems need fast programs to react swiftly to user input.
Chapter 1: Variables, Constants & Keywords
- Variables act as containers to store values (e.g., rice, dal, sugar).
- Variables in C store values like integers, decimals, or characters.
- Variables in C must start with an alphabet or an underscore, followed by further alphabets, underscore, or digits.
- No special symbol (e.g., @, #, $, %) or commas or blanks are allowed.
- Variable names are case-sensitive (e.g., 'myVariable' is different from 'myvariable').
- Constants are entities whose values never change.
- Variables can change their values.
Types of Constants
- Integer constants: Whole numbers (e.g., -1, 6, 7, 9)
- Real constants: Numbers with decimal points (e.g., -322.1, 2.5, 7.0)
- Character constants: Single characters enclosed in single quotes (e.g., 'a', '$', '@')
Keywords
- Keywords are reserved words with pre-defined meanings known to the compiler.
- There are 32 keywords in C.
- Examples of C keywords:
auto, double, int, struct break, else, long, switch case, enum, register, typedef char, extern, return, union const, float, short, unsigned continue, for, signed, void default, goto, sizeof, volatile do, if, static, while
First C Program
- A simple C program example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf ("Hello, I am learning C with Harry");
return 0;
}
Basic Structure of a C Program
- Every C program's execution begins with the
main()function. - Each statement in C ends with a semicolon (;).
- Instructions are case-sensitive.
- Instructions are executed in the order they are written.
Comments
- Comments clarify the program's logic.
- Single-line comments start with
//. - Multi-line comments are enclosed in
/* */. - Comments are ignored during compilation.
Compilation & Execution
- The compiler converts a C program into machine language for the computer to understand.
- A C program is typically written in plain text, with instructions arranged sequentially.
- The compiler checks the instructions and turns them into an executable file.
- C programs use library functions, like printf, which handle specific tasks, such as displaying values on the screen.
Types of Variables
- Integer variables store whole numbers (e.g.,
int a = 3). - Real variables store decimal numbers (e.g.,
float a = 7.7,double a = 7.7). - Character variables store single characters (e.g.,
char a = 'A').
Receiving Input from the User
- Use the
scanffunction to receive input from the user and assign it to a variable. - The
&operator is important inscanf; it indicates the memory address where the input should be stored.
Chapter 2 - Practice Set
- Includes questions to solve practical C programming problems.
Chapter 2: Instructions and Operators
- Types of instructions.
- Arithmetic instructions.
- Control instructions.
- Examples of different variations of instructions and relevant errors.
Arithmetic Instruction and Operators
- List of arithmetic operators in C (+, -, *, /, %)
- Rules governing operators.
- Examples showing the execution of different variations of operators.
Type Conversion
- How integers and floats get converted during arithmetic operations.
Operator Precedence in C
- Rules for determining the order of evaluation in a C expression.
Control Instructions
- Sequence control instruction.
- Decision control instruction.
- Loop control instruction.
- Case control instruction.
Conditional Instructions
-
if-elsestatements for decision-making based on conditions. -
switchstatements for multiple-choice situations.
Logical Operators
- Logical operators in C for implementing complex conditions (
&&,||,!). - Rules, precedence and how they translate to truth and false contexts.
Types of Loops
-
whileloop for repeating a block of code as long as a condition is true. -
do-whileloop for executing a block once and repeating it while a condition is true -
forloop for repeating a block of code a predetermined number of times. - Loop control commands:
break,continue.
Chapter 4 - Practice Set
- Questions for practice on executing different types of loops and the relevant control commands.
Project 1: Number Guessing Game
- Project to create a game where the user guesses a random number.
Chapter 5 : Functions and Recursion
- Functions are reusable blocks of code.
- Function prototypes, calls, and definitions.
- How to call functions and obtain return values.
- Recursion: functions that call themselves.
- Examples include factorial calculation.
Chapter 5 - Practice Set
- Practical programming problems utilizing functions and recursion.
Chapter 6: Pointers
- Pointers store memory addresses.
- Using pointers to access address and values.
- Pointer declaration (int *ptr;, char *ptr).
- The
&and*operators. - How to pass values to a function using pointers by reference.
Chapter 6 - Practice Set
- Practical problems on pointers.
Chapter 7: Arrays
- Arrays: store multiple sequential data elements (same data type.)
- Array declaration and initialization.
- Accessing array elements.
- Arrays in memory: Contiguous storage
- How to initialize an array.
Chapter 7 - Practice Set
- Exercises to practice the concepts of arrays and pointers used accessing array elements.
Chapter 8: Strings
- Strings as arrays of characters.
- Declaration by character array and string literal.
- Useful string functions (strlen, strcpy, strcmp, strcat).
- How to input/output strings (e.g., user input using
scanf).
Chapter 8 - Practice Set
- Problems on string manipulation, using the library functions.
Chapter 9: Structures
- Structures: grouping data items (different data types) into a single unit.
- Structure declaration, initialization.
- Structures in memory (contiguous allocation for members).
- How to pass structures to functions.
- Use of
typedefkeyword in creating aliases for structures (optional topic).
Chapter 9 - Practice Set
- Exercises to enhance understanding of structures, passing data through functions and memory management.
Chapter 10: File I/O
- Reading and writing data from files.
- File pointers, opening files, reading from files, writing to files, closing files.
- Special file handling functions (fopen, fscanf, fprintf, fgetc...).
- File opening modes ('r', 'w', 'a').
Chapter 10 - Practice Set
- Problems of combining files, and reading/writing data into them.
Project 2: Snake, Water, Gun
- Game-dev project involving loops and choices.
Chapter 11: Dynamic Memory Allocation
- Dynamically allocating memory during program execution (using malloc, calloc).
- Deallocating memory when not needed (using free).
-
reallocfunction for changing allocated memory size.
Chapter 11 - Practice Set
- Practical problems involving dynamic memory allocation, reallocation of different data type and size of these elements.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of C programming in Chapter 1, focusing on variables, constants, and keywords. Learn how variables serve as containers for data types and the rules for naming them. This chapter lays the foundation for understanding how to store and manipulate data in C.
