C++ Exceptions and Error Handling
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Questions and Answers

What will be the first line printed to System.err when astack.concert() is executed?

  • [0:NORMAL] Rock is
  • [1:ALT] Don't be silly,
  • Hard rock() (correct)
  • [2:HARD] Can't fix "

If an UnsupportedOperationException is thrown within the concert() method's first try block, what will be the last line printed to System.err by concert()?

  • --.but we let it pass
  • [FINALLY] My job here is done (correct)
  • [3:END] End of concert
  • --> Caught "java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException:"

Under what condition will the line System.err.println("--.but we let it pass"); be executed?

  • When an `UnsupportedOperationException` is caught within the `concert()` method's first `try` block. (correct)
  • When the `astack.push(1)` method throws an exception.
  • When a `NullPointerException` is caught within the `concert()` method.
  • When `Assert.assertTrue(astack.isEmpty())` returns false.

Which exception, if thrown, is re-thrown inside concert()?

<p><code>NullPointerException</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is printed to System.err if astack.clear() throws an UnsupportedOperationException?

<p>--&gt; Caught &quot;java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException: ...&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exceptions in programming?

<p>To handle unexpected behavior or errors that cannot be confused with normal execution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do exceptions alter the control flow of a program?

<p>They reverse the calling stack, allowing the program to go back through the calling methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a method throws an exception that is not caught within that method?

<p>The exception is propagated up the calling stack to the calling method. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of exception handling, what does 'catching' an exception imply?

<p>Handling the exception in a way that resolves or mitigates the error. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a method rock() is declared to throw an UnsupportedOperationException, what does this declaration signify?

<p>The method may throw this exception under certain conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a method miusik() that calls pop() and rock(). If rock() throws an exception, what happens to the subsequent line of code in miusik() that prints the result of rock()?

<p>The line is skipped, as the exception interrupts the normal flow of execution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided pop() method, what potential issue exists that is not explicitly addressed with exception handling?

<p>The method does not handle the case where <code>size</code> is less than 1, potentially returning <code>null</code> without indicating an error. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the new keyword when throwing an exception (e.g., throw new UnsupportedOperationException(...))?

<p>It creates a new instance of the exception class to be thrown. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a function is designed to read a file and return the number of characters read, what is the primary advantage of using exceptions over returning negative error codes?

<p>Exceptions allow for a clearer distinction between normal execution and error handling, preventing confusion with valid negative return values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect of program control flow is altered by the use of exceptions in error handling?

<p>Exceptions reverse the calling stack, returning control to the caller or a higher-level error handler. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why it is important to expose unexpected behavior or errors during a program's execution?

<p>To prevent unexpected behavior from being confused with normal execution, thus facilitating debugging and maintenance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant difference between handling errors with exceptions versus traditional error codes?

<p>Exceptions alter program control flow, reversing the calling stack, while error codes typically require explicit checking and handling in the code. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a function encounters an issue opening a file, and it uses error codes for handling, what would be a typical return value to indicate this?

<p>-1, indicating a specific error related to file opening. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of handling errors in main files, what is the convention for return values in many programming environments?

<p>Return 0 on success and an error code greater than 0 on error. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where multiple nested function calls occur, and an error arises in the innermost function. If exceptions are used for error handling, what is the mechanism by which the error is managed?

<p>The exception propagates up the calling stack until a suitable <code>catch</code> block is found, unwinding the stack as it goes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a function encounters an issue reading a file, and it returns a negative number as an error code, how does the calling function typically determine the specific cause of the error?

<p>By checking the absolute value of the returned number against a predefined set of error codes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a programmer choose to implement a checked exception in Java?

<p>When a client can reasonably be expected to recover from the exception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the key difference between checked and unchecked exceptions in Java?

<p>Checked exceptions must be declared or caught, while unchecked exceptions do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a scenario where a program attempts to read a file that does not exist, which type of exception would be most appropriate to represent this situation?

<p><code>FileNotFoundException</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software developer is designing a library and wants to signal to users that an input parameter should never be null. What type of exception would be most appropriate to throw if the parameter is indeed null?

<p><code>NullPointerException</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose a method could potentially throw either an IOException or a custom checked exception called DataProcessingException. How should the method signature be defined to properly handle these exceptions?

<p><code>public void myMethod() throws IOException, DataProcessingException</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of exception handling, what is the primary purpose of using a try-catch block?

<p>To handle or recover from exceptions that may occur within the <code>try</code> block. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which exception type indicates serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch?

<p><code>Error</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When designing a method that interacts with external resources like files or networks, and these operations might fail due to reasons beyond the program's immediate control, what kind of exception should ideally be used?

<p>A checked exception extending <code>Exception</code> (but not <code>RuntimeException</code>). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where size is initialized to 2 in the ArrayStack. What will be the output of concert() if rock() is called?

<p><code>[0:NORMAL] Rock is 1</code>, <code>[2:HARD] Can't fix &quot;catch me if you can&quot;</code>, <code>[FINALLY] My job here is done</code>, followed by an exception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be printed to System.err if size is initially set to 0 when concert() is called?

<p><code>[1:ALT] Don't be silly, can't pop empty Stack...but we let it pass</code>, <code>[FINALLY] My job here is done</code>, <code>[3:END] End of concert</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose rock() throws an IOException. Which block will handle this exception in concert()?

<p>None of the provided blocks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the finally block in the concert() method?

<p>To execute code regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In rock(), under what condition will a NullPointerException be thrown?

<p>When <code>size</code> is greater than 1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if size is equal to 1 when the rock() method is called?

<p>An <code>UnsupportedOperationException</code> is thrown. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the soundTest() method, what is the initial size of the ArrayStack named astack before any elements are pushed?

<p>0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the effect of removing the throw e; line inside the NullPointerException catch block in the concert() method?

<p>The program would continue execution after the <code>finally</code> block, as if no exception occurred. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Java, what is the primary purpose of the throws keyword in a method signature?

<p>To indicate that the method may potentially throw the specified exception, but not necessarily will. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where a try block is followed by multiple catch blocks. What determines which catch block will execute if an exception occurs within the try block?

<p>The <code>catch</code> block that handles the specific type of exception that was thrown. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the finally block in a try-catch-finally construct?

<p>To define a block of code that always executes, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an exception is thrown within a try block, and there is a corresponding catch block that can handle the exception, what happens to the code within the try block that follows the point where the exception was thrown?

<p>It is skipped, and execution jumps to the <code>finally</code> block (if present) or the code following the <code>try-catch</code> block. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given code snippet for the rock() method:

public Integer rock() {
    if (size < 1)
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't pop empty Stack");
    else if (size -= 1)
        throw new NullPointerException("catch me if you can");
    return array[--size];
}

Under what condition will a NullPointerException be thrown?

<p>When <code>size -= 1</code> evaluates to a non-zero value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the concert() method and the rock() method, what will be the output if rock() throws an UnsupportedOperationException?

<p>The <code>catch</code> block for <code>UnsupportedOperationException</code> in <code>concert()</code> will execute. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential improvement to the miusik() method to prevent the UnsupportedOperationException from being thrown in the first place?

<p>Checking if the stack <code>isEmpty()</code> before calling <code>rock()</code>. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming a method can throw multiple types of exceptions, is it necessary to catch all possible exceptions in a single try-catch block?

<p>No, you can choose to catch only the exceptions you want to handle, and allow others to propagate up the call stack. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exception

A mechanism to signal and handle unexpected behavior or errors that disrupt the normal program flow.

Error Signaling (Traditional)

Conventional approach of returning a negative number in case of an error.

Main File Return Codes

Convention where main files return 0 on success and a positive error code on failure.

Primary Purpose of Exceptions

To expose errors, and unexpected behaviors that would other wise be confused in normal exectution.

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Exception Control Flow

Exceptions can alter the program control flow, reversing the calling stack to find exception handlers.

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Exception's Distinctness

Expose unexpected behavior/errors that are distinct from normal program execution.

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Exception Control Flow Reversal

Changing the flow by going back through callers until a handler is found.

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Return Value of 0

Indicates success in main files.

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Catch or Propagate

A method can either handle the exception (catch) or pass it to the calling method.

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Exception Declaration

Methods declare the exceptions they might throw, informing calling methods of potential issues.

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Throw Keyword

Keyword used to explicitly raise an exception in code.

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Interrupted Flow

If an exception is thrown, the normal execution flow is interrupted, and the program searches for a suitable handler.

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Implicit Exception Throw

A method anticipates throwing an exception but does not explicitly throw it, relying on internal methods to potentially do so.

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new Exception

The 'new' keyword constructs a new instance of the exception, enabling the programmer to pass pertinent details about what went wrong.

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What is the finally block?

The finally block executes after the try and catch blocks, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught.

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What is an Exception?

An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.

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What causes a NullPointerException?

A NullPointerException is thrown when attempting to use a null reference as if it were referencing an object.

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What is exception handling?

Exception handling uses try, catch, and finally blocks to manage runtime errors, allowing programs to gracefully recover from unexpected issues.

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What is the catch block for?

The catch block is used to handle a specific type of exception that might be thrown in the try block.

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throws declaration

The throws keyword declares that a method might throw a specific exception, but it doesn't guarantee it will.

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catch block

Used to handle exceptions within a try block. If a specified exception occurs, the corresponding catch block is executed.

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try block

A block of code in which exceptions can be tested. It's followed by one or more catch blocks, or a finally block.

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finally block

A block of code that always executes after a try block, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught.

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Order of catch blocks

The order of catch blocks matters. More specific exception types should come before more general exception types.

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Exception Recovery

Exception handling allows a program to attempt recovery from errors, potentially manipulating program state to continue execution.

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UnsupportedOperationException

An unchecked exception that results from attempting to perform an operation on an empty collection.

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NullPointerException

An unchecked exception that occurs when attempting to use a null reference in a place where an object reference is required.

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Unchecked Exception

An exception that the method is not obligated to catch or declare. These are typically subclasses of RuntimeException or Error.

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Exception Handling

A mechanism to handle errors or exceptional situations that occur during the execution of a program.

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Re-throwing an exception

To propagate an exception up the call stack to be handled by a higher-level exception handler.

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Checked Exception

Exceptions that must be either caught or declared in the method's throws clause. These are typically subclasses of Exception (but not RuntimeException).

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Catch Block Order

The order in which catch blocks are defined is important. More specific exception types should be caught before more general ones.

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Error

An Exception that indicates serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch.

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RuntimeException

A subclass of Exception representing exceptions during program execution that can occur during normal operation of the Java Virtual Machine.

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Custom Exceptions

Create custom exceptions by extending built-in Exception classes.

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MyException extends Exception

Custom checked exception. Must be caught or declared.

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Exception Choice

Recoverable errors should use checked exceptions, unrecoverable should use unchecked.

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Study Notes

  • Advanced Programming (02324) for Spring 2025.
  • The course is taught by Carlos E. Budde and Ekkart Kindler at DTU Compute, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science.

Exceptions

  • Exceptions are used to indicate that a specified file cannot be opened, returning -1.
  • Exceptions are used to reveal unexpected behaviours or programming errors, which can be considered different from "normal execution".
  • Exceptions alter the program control flow, by reversing the calling stack, that is, the program control goes back to the caller.

Error Handling in C

  • In C, errors are often indicated by returning a negative number, this lets the caller know if there was an issue reading the file, such as an incorrect file path as a parameter.
  • Main files in C programs conventionally return 0 on success.
  • Main files in C programs return an error code greater than 0 on error.

File Operations and Return Values

  • fread() and fwrite() return the number of items read or written successfully, this number equals the number of bytes transferred only when size is 1.
  • If an error occurs or the end of the file is reached, the return value is a short item count, which can be zero.
  • It's not possible to distinguish between the end-of-file and error conditions using fread() alone.
  • Consequently, feof(3) and ferror(3) are used by callers to determine which situation occurred.

Exception Handling

  • Methods declare whether they may throw an exception
  • Called methods that throw an exception give the caller the option of determining their behaviour when the exception is thrown, either catch or not catch.
  • Code in a finally block executes regardless of whether an exception is thrown and caught, it is used for guaranteed cleanup actions.
  • Exceptions allow a program to handle errors and it cannot be confused with normal execution.

Throwing exceptions

  • If an exception is thrown, the normal flow of execution is interrupted and the program starts going up the call stack, so the return is not executed.
  • The throw indicates that we may throw, not that we surely will.
  • The method musick() in the example code defines that it throws an exception although it does not do so explicitly.

Exception catching

  • It may be appropriate to check isEmpty() before calling rock() in some situations in program design.

Exception Handling Structures

  • A try block contains code that might throw an exception.
  • A catch block is used to handle a specific type of exception.
  • Multiple catch blocks can be used to handle different types of exceptions.
  • A finally block contains code that is always executed, regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught.

Rethrowing Exceptions

  • An exception caught can be re-thrown
  • The finally block is always executed
  • Whether exceptions occur or not

Exception hierarchies

  • Exceptions can be arranged in a hierarchy
  • There are unchecked and checked exceptions
  • Program can let float (uncaught exceptions)
  • Program must declare, to catch (checked exceptions)

How to Create Custom Exceptions

  • Custom exceptions can be created by extending the Exception class.
  • Java's documentation recommends creating a checked exception if clients can reasonably be expected to recover from it.
  • Java's documentation recommends creating an unchecked exception if clients cannot do anything to recover from it.

Re-throwing

  • Re-throwing involves catching an exception and then throwing it again, it can be used for positive connotations.

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