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Shekhawati Mission 100 - Political Science (Class 12) Study Notes

Chapter 1: Contemporary World Politics - The End of Bipolarity

• The 1917 Bolshevik/Socialist Revolution in Russia was led by Vladimir Lenin.
• The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961.
• The Communist Party served as the pivot of the Soviet political system.
• Following the Soviet Union's dissolution, 12 new countries were established on the world stage.
• "Shock Therapy" was adopted in 1990.
• Order of events:
  • The fall of the Berlin Wall
  • Soviet intervention in Afghanistan
  • Dissolution of the Soviet Union
  • End of the ideological battle between the USA and the Soviet Union
    (The Cold War's conclusion.).
• The Berlin Wall symbolized the division between the capitalist and communist worlds.
• The Berlin Wall came down on November 9, 1989, thanks to the people of East Germany.
• The fall of the Berlin Wall signaled the start of Germany's unification and the communist camp's end.
• Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were included among the Baltic republics.
• The disintegration of the communist bloc globally resulted in a unipolar world order.
• The socialist Soviet Republic came into existence in 1922, following Russia's socialist revolution.
• The military alliance led by the Soviet Union with Eastern European countries was called the Warsaw Pact.
• The proposal for "peaceful co-existence" with the West came from Soviet Union President Nikita Khrushchev.
• Mikhail Gorbachev implemented two policies for economic and political reform: Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring).
• The Soviet Union dissolved on December 25, 1991.
• Mikhail Gorbachev was the last President of Soviet Union, with a term from 1985 to 1991.
• Countries of Eastern Europe that joined the communist camp are referred to as the Second World.
• The Russian Revolution of 1917 was rooted in opposition to the capitalist system and inspired by ideals of socialism and equality.
• "Shock therapy" literally meant treatment through shock.
• Chechnya and Dagestan witnessed violent separatist movements after the Soviet Union fractured.
• The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a bipolar world order and the independence of various Republics.
• "The Commonwealth of Independent States” was created for newly independent states.
• Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina emerged as countries when Yugoslavia broke up in 1991.
• Leonid Brezhnev, a Soviet Union President, suggested an Asian Collective Security System.
• Industrialization was forced, and agriculture was collectively managed under Joseph Stalin’s rule.
• The Berlin Wall was erected in 1961.
• Shock Therapy results:
  • Ruin of the state-controlled structure in Russia
  • End of collective farming, with a shortage of food.
• In December 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved, comprising 15 states created in 1922.
• On May 14, 1955, the Warsaw Military Organization was created; Gorbachev declared in 1989 that countries of Warsaw, will determine their own destiny, and ended on July 1, 1991. The Communist Party was dominant in the Soviet system.
• Mikhail Gorbachev initiated reforms in 1985 using Glanost (openness) and Perestroika (economic restructing).
• The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989; signified the end of the Cold War.
• The Menshevik Revolution of Soviet Russia was in February 1917.
• Soviet Russia's Bolshevik Revolution occurred on October 25, 1917.
• Soviet Russia's Bolshevik Revolution slogan was “Land, Bread, and Peace”.
• The Soviet system refers to capitalistic, private wealth or property being denied, by the Socialist Soviet Republic.
• In 1979 Soviet entered Afghanistan.
• Joseph Stalin is deemed responsible for the terror around the 1930's Russia.
• The name of the Soviet Union Parliament was the Duma. Shock Therapy Principles:
  • Privatization of state property
  • Convertig collective agricultural farms to private agricultural farms
  • Replacing communism with capitalism. Mafia like groups were called Jayarampesha.
• The internal weaknesses of political-economic institutions, for many years halted economic growth, causing consumers of goods to suspect the government.
• The expense of Nuclear, and military for soviet competition with capitalists forced it to spend most of its money on Nuclear weaponry. The soviets also gave money to developing countries of Eastern Europe, there by increasing the economic, and financial pressure on them.
• The identification of soviet system inferiority, compared to western countries, people from there were informed that the soviets system is Superior capitalism, but they then realized that the soviets, had gone back.
• Administrative rigidity, Inability Communist Party to be responsible to the public, huge corruption, brought open government. The lack of support from. The slow pace of reforms, made some annoyed Goe bacchao, and the loss of privileges, meant less support from the soviets, either with him.
• The rise of sovereignty, and the nationalist feelings, served as the factors ultimately helped dissolve the soviets union. Economic, Russia helped Indian public sector corporations.
• Political wise Russia supports india over Kashmir.
• Military wise Russia, gave indians technology.
• Culture, Hindi films were very popular

Chapter 2: Contemporary World Politics: Alternative Centers of Power

• The European Economic Cooperation Organization was established on April, 1948.
• The European Council's formation occurred in May, 1949.
• On March 25, 1957, The European Community was formed.
• The headquarters of ASEAN is situated in Jakarta.
• China adopted the Open Door Policy after 1978.
• The current membership of the European Union stands at 27.
• Croatia became the 28th member of the European Union.
• The inaugural direct election for the European Parliament transpired in June, 1979.
• China implemented the privatization of agriculture in 1982.
• The currency of European Union is named
• The Schengen Treaty eliminated border controls among member nations of the EU's community.
• The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) came into being in 1994.
• France is a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council, as a European Union member nation.
• 12 stars on the European Flag, as 12 is important: it is regarded their as the image, or emblem of perfection, entirety and unity.
• The ASEAN flag contains an emblem depicting sheaves of grain.
• The 'ASEAN Way' is defined by countries that are characterized by informal and non confrontation.
• In Aisan it is to create cooperative community engagement and development.
• The European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Premium, for peace in 2012
• Japan is a G7 member, in Asia
• ASEAN is a nonmilitary economic organization.
• ASEAN's prime goal has been to advance financial progress in the region of Southeast Asia.
• The European Union was formed through the Maastricht Treaty on February 7, 1992.
• Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded throught a signed declaration, and that is the 08-08-1865.
• The 10 countries are members of Asian (Indonesia, Philipenes, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Malysia). ASEAN full name: the organizatiion of south east Asia. SEZ- Special economic zone, a especially high economic area. Deng Xiaopeng formed the the Open door/ Policy in China during 1978. Marshall Plan/ an economic boost for countries to rebuild after wars, during world wsr two.
• According to historical data, and given the respective timelines, the order is as follows regarding date line data:
• EU economic community, 1957
• Establishment of EU , 1992
• Establishing the Asian regions platform: 1994
• China's path into commerce: 2002 ASEAN was established in 1967. In the 1948 Europe economic association was established.
• The main purpose of helping Western European countries with money.

1. To accelerate economic development in the Southeast Asia area.
2. Give each other financial aid for politics, society, business, scientists, technology.
3. solve shared problems with communication.
4. Create a same, public sector across the southEast Asia area. 5.To expand regional peace building and its stability.

• ASEAN rapidly is a rising organization, an important component in its region.
• ASEAN policy: the promotion, an giving of communication, helps promotes communication.
• Annual meetings help maintain balance.
• Provides all the resources from trade
• The main sections 1.Asian countries will increase conversations

2. To make an identity

Chapter 3: Contemporary South Asia

• Among the following, China is not regarded as part of South Asia.
• Sri Lanka's democracy confronts the challenge of ethnic conflict.
• India and Sri Lanka signed a free trade agreement in 1998.
• Nepal and Bhutan are nations in South Asia where democratic and military leaders have managed the government.
• Sri Lanka and Pakistan are democratic nations with a ethnic/ racist conflict.
• Due to conflicts between Royals, democratic supporters, and activists, political imbalance has increased in Nepal.
• Surrounded by 4 corners of ground, in between is an atmosphere.... that is Nepal, and Bhutan.
• Sri lanka is the South Aisan Country that liberalizaed it's way out, first.
• Pakistan was the country were the Army and those who supports democracies, always win.
• Where South Aisan territories, mostly meet; Is India.
• Pakistan used nuclear tests at ... and ... on the Changai hills; With explosions happening on the 28-05-1898.
• The Sircrik boundary border line conflict is in between ....4.....
• The government in Natral switched to a republic republic , after the monarchy was removed, in 2008.
• Silón, or Sri Lanka, or Freedom, was received, in 1948 AD.
• In 1972, the Name Silón switched permanently to Sri Lanka
• Pakistan got included to the military during Cold War.
• Year 1954.
• Pakistan joined CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), a Cold War military alliance, in 1955.
• India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in September 1960.
• Small savings and cooperative credit in rural areas have helped reduce poverty in Bangladesh.
• Bhutan (a landlocked country) is a Himalayan state, entirely surrounded by land.
• Ethnic strife in Sri Lanka largely concerns the Tamil community.
• The end of the 1983, when many Sri Lankand started being harmed.
• Jawaharlal Nehru from indian and president: lyub Khaan entered an agreement between indian and Pakistan.
• The Indus water treaty was supported by ..... World bank
• Qabul entered Sarc , in 2007.
• In the 1962 was the wars of india.
• After war, India and .... Jawaral Nehru (president)
• the time the war: Chairman Moust Sheikh -Majeebar rehhman presented, the suggestion to give the independent. In 10 January- 1966 was the date Tasshknt agreement happened. Liett- is to find members, and then free them India and Pakistan agreement ..... Shah Kanth Russia is supposed to help, according to agreements done. Soviet in India got friend of countries, it was signed in August -1971 to free Bengladesh, war took place during December. it is the data were pakistanis got freedom. india Pakistan has ..... shimala agreement- 19 June/19/ 1972( date) The important indian and pakistan: Mrs Gandi- and Bhoti India did bomb test when They bomb Pokrah, india's Jalamir- in 18 May Indian did ..... " the bomb we smiling" India did the second time of bomb, its name was .... " Operations Shakti"

Chapter 4: Contemporary World Politics: International Organizations

• "The United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell" it is Kfi Annanis.
• The number of the States in union: is . 193
• A un representative can send five people max. The headquarters of an international court is ... hage- in Netherlands
• There are a ....... 15... number judges in inter national court. judge has how much time: 9 years
• 17. India has put signatures on UNO , on the of the following? 38...

Shekhawati Mission 100 (Continued)

• The current Secretary, or presidetn/chief of the union is... antoni o, gutters.
• 19, the first .... was Trwawalie. The secretary that lost his live is... Decg- Hammar Sold
• 2024-25
• That received prize: Dexg Haamr Solyd 22 - Who sent Azedda for the world is .... Bottros, Ghadi. 23 Soviet russia or .. russian. India is a source.
• League of nations was a first name. Chief is named by safety councils-

Shekhawati Mission 100: Global Warming

• India's views are to reduce Green house gases that are made by developed systems The objectives for Russia; is The. To find. Other areas of Russia ,.And the union between other, are, they doing that. One is global war. One can. Protect the atmosphere The .....

Chapter 5: Contemporary World Politics: Alternative Centers of Power (Continued)

• Chemical weaponry. and this treaty happened around 1992 -with 150-more countries The chemical hater treaty(CWC) happens at , 1992 the Anti Bollisti Missik Treaty( ABM) At soviet russia they have limited people. People can join if they like. N. They have some limits about the soviet union. The Security .1 People have to have safety, or safety from dangers. What is to keep? The old one? They were the source for a long-time ago What did they do. 1989-1877 1 There are countries which helped The earth is very dangerous

Shekhawati Mission 100/ Chapter 6

• Club of Rome Published limited edition. The roe- de - Janeiro conference The number ..... is India. The limited time of a year .... Sustainable/....

Chapter 7: Contemporary World Politics - Globalization

• Economic reforms were initiated in India in 1991.
• The inaugural World Social Forum meeting was held in 2001.
• Blue jeans showcase the cultural influence of America.
• Vamathi and Dakshinithi criticised the Indian political scene.
• World social forms and was started in Brazil

Chapter 8: Independent Indian Politics- A period of change

• There was congress for a limited time. People are very important

Shekhawati Mission 100

• 2025-The first General Governor was C. Rajgopalachari.
• Hyderabad governor was Nizam-e- ala- khan
• sardar Patel, important ruler.

Model Question Paper 1

• The model question paper includes a variety of multiple-choice questions covering topics such as:
  • The political ideology of the Soviet system (Socialism)
  • Open door policy
  • The relationship between Han River and which country (South Korea)
  • Scope of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area
  • Water sharing agreement between India and Bangladesh
  • Number of permanent members in the UN Security Council
  • The essence of security
  • Location of the Earth Summit
  • The technology of the establishment set in motion the building of the establishment The name of the leaders: Dr P.C Mahanbalobis
• First Election Commissioner, 1984, China. 1968
• Also, V. S. Singh

Model question Paper 2 - Key Points

• In The Russia Revolution year's was .. 1917
• The Europeans: .. 1992
• South Asian: .. Pakistan 1948 Harit krant

Some points I was able to read

• Election board will give you the test To win, and pass