Business Analytics Decision Making Under Uncertainty
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary purpose of a decision tree in decision analysis?

  • To visualize all decision alternatives, outcomes, and probabilities (correct)
  • To isolate economic consequences without considering alternatives
  • To focus only on the most profitable decision
  • To eliminate uncertainty in decision-making completely

Which of the following best describes 'Expected Monetary Value' (EMV) in decision analysis?

  • The least amount a decision might incur
  • The maximum payoff from a decision
  • The sum of all costs associated with a decision
  • The average of all possible outcomes weighted by their probabilities (correct)

What is the initial step in the decision analysis process?

  • Identifying the problem that requires a solution (correct)
  • Evaluating the economic consequences
  • Assessing the probabilities of outcomes
  • Choosing the best decision criterion

What role does sensitivity analysis serve in decision-making?

<p>It determines how changes in one variable affect the overall decision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is risk assessment vital in the decision-making process?

<p>To understand how different attitudes towards risk alter outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a one-stage decision problem, what is the nature of outcomes associated with each decision?

<p>Each decision leads to a unique outcome with uncertain probabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a decision maker quantify the value of information?

<p>By assessing how new information will alter the probabilities of outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT a common part of decision analysis problems?

<p>Unique decision-making software tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does EMV represent in decision analysis?

<p>The weighted average of all possible monetary outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy should Acme follow if the product proves to be a technological success?

<p>Continue the development and market the product (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Acme’s decision to market the product, what are the two possible sales volume outcomes?

<p>600,000 units and 100,000 units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fixed cost does Acme face if it decides to market the product?

<p>$4 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability assigned to the good sales outcome for Acme's product?

<p>0.4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a risk profile provide in decision analysis?

<p>A detailed view of all possible outcomes and their probabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can the technological failure be ruled out in Acme's decision-making?

<p>When the development process is almost finished (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of decision problem is Acme facing after finishing development?

<p>One-stage decision problem with uncertain outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main challenges in decision making under uncertainty?

<p>Decisions are made before uncertain outcomes are revealed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are probabilities of outcomes often assessed?

<p>They can be influenced by historical data and may involve subjective components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criterion involves selecting the decision with the best outcome among the worst possible outcomes?

<p>Maximin Criterion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which decision criterion focuses on the best possible outcome?

<p>Maximax Criterion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach would you use to evaluate how changes in key assumptions impact a decision's outcome?

<p>Sensitivity Analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines risk assessment in decision analysis?

<p>Assessing the potential negative impacts of uncertain future events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the downside risk criterion consider in decision making?

<p>The smallest potential losses from decisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a one-stage decision problem, what is primarily evaluated?

<p>A single decision with various possible outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Decision-making under uncertainty

Choosing a course of action when the future outcome is not known.

Probabilities of outcomes

The likelihood of each possible outcome occurring.

Historical data

Past information that helps estimate probabilities of outcomes.

Subjective component

Personal opinions or beliefs used to estimate probabilities when historical data is unavailable.

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Payoffs and costs

The gains or losses associated with decisions and outcomes.

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Worst-case decision criterion

Choosing the decision with the best worst-case scenario.

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Best-case decision criterion

Choosing the decision with the best expected maximum outcome.

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Variance decision criterion

Choosing the decision with the smallest variance in outcomes.

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Decision Analysis Framework

A structured approach to problem-solving under uncertainty, considering decision criteria, probabilities, and the chronological order of events.

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Decision Tree

A visual tool representing decision alternatives, possible outcomes, probabilities, and consequences.

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Elements of Decision Analysis

Key components of a decision analysis problem: problem identification, possible decisions, outcomes, probability assessment, payoffs/costs, and a decision criterion.

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Problem Identification (Decision Analysis)

Clearly defining the problem that requires a solution.

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Possible Decisions

Identifying alternative courses of action related to the problem.

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Outcomes of Decisions

Potential results that can occur from choosing each decision, involving uncertainty.

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Probability Assessment

Estimating the likelihood of different outcomes for each decision.

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Decision Criterion

A rule or standard used to evaluate and select the best decision among the available options.

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Expected Value

The average outcome of a decision, calculated by considering all possible outcomes and their probabilities.

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Probability Distribution

A table or graph showing all possible outcomes for a decision and the chances (probabilities) associated with each.

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Risk Profile

A detailed assessment of possible outcomes, including their probabilities and potential monetary gains or losses.

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Technological Success

A positive outcome where a new product or technology successfully meets its intended goals.

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Market Outcome

The result of launching a product into the market, measured by actual sales volume.

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Fixed Development Costs

Costs associated with product development that don't change based on the final sales volume.

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Fixed Marketing Costs

Expenses related to promoting and launching a product, which remain constant regardless of sales.

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Decision Analysis

A systematic process for making optimal decisions, considering uncertainty and potential future outcomes.

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Study Notes

Business Analytics Decision Making Under Uncertainty

  • Business analytics involves decision-making in uncertain situations.
  • A formal framework analyzes decision problems with uncertainty.
  • This includes criteria to choose between alternatives, how probabilities are used in the decision-making process, and how earlier decisions affect later ones.
  • It also details quantifying information value and how risk attitudes influence analysis.
  • A decision tree is a powerful tool for visualizing all important aspects of a problem.
  • Decision trees present the decision alternatives, uncertain outcomes, probabilities, economic consequences, and chronological events.

Elements of Decision Analysis

  • Decision analysis problems have common elements:
    • Identifying the problem needing a solution.
    • Defining possible decisions.
    • Determining possible outcomes with uncertainty.
    • Assessing probabilities of outcomes occurring.
    • Determining payoffs or costs for each decision and outcome combination.
    • Choosing a decision criterion for determining the best decision.

Identifying the Problem

  • When a trigger initiates the need to solve a problem, the problem itself must be explicitly defined.
  • Potential decisions depend on how the problem is specified.
  • Deciding before all uncertain results are known is a common challenge in decision making under uncertainty.

Probabilities of Outcomes

  • Accurately assessing probabilities of outcomes is challenging and often subjective.
  • Historical data may contribute to understanding possible outcomes.
  • Subjective estimates are necessary when new products are introduced.
  • Probabilities can change as further information becomes available.

Payoffs and Costs

  • Decisions and outcomes have consequences, which can be monetary or non-monetary.

Decision Criteria

  • Different criteria can be used for making decisions, including looking at the best or worst possible outcome, the 5th percentile of the outcome distribution, variance of outcomes, downside risk, and expected monetary value.

  • Expected monetary value (EMV) is a weighted average of possible payoffs, considering probabilities.

  • It's the most commonly used criterion for decision problems.

More About EMV Criteria

  • EMV values can be used like a sure monetary outcome for decisions.
  • Calculating EMV using spreadsheet software is straightforward, enabling sensitivity analysis of input variables.
  • EMV values are calculated using SUMPRODUCT(Array1,Array2)

EMV and Decision Trees

  • Decision trees visually represent decision problems, including events, decisions, and probabilities, and monetary values.
  • Decision nodes are presented as squares, representing a time where a decision is made.
  • Probability nodes are presented as circles, representing the time period where an outcome is uncertain.
  • Time in the decision tree proceeds from left to right. Any branches leading out of a node are not yet occurred.

Branches and Nodes in a Decision Tree

  • Branches from decision nodes represent possible decisions.
  • Branches from probability nodes represent possible outcomes.
  • Probabilities are usually conditional on observed events.
  • Monetary values are usually indicated at the end nodes of the decision tree.

Folding-Back Procedure in Decision Tree

  • To use a decision tree to find EMVs and optimal decisions, the folding-back procedure starts at the end nodes and works left, determining a maximum for the EMV decision.
  • At each chance node, calculate an EMV of the sum of products of monetary values and probabilities of each node.

One-Stage Decision Problems

  • In single-stage decision problems, the decision is made immediately.

Example 6.1: New Product Decisions at Acme

  • Goal: Use EMV to help Acme decide if marketing a new product is worthwhile.
  • Acme's financial inputs are estimated fixed cost and unit margins.
  • The sales volume is uncertain, and different possibilities (Great, Fair, Awful) are considered.
  • EMV calculation involves multiplying each sales volume by the unit margin and subtracting fixed costs.

Example 6.2: New Product Decisions with Technological Uncertainty

  • Goal: Use a decision tree to determine Acme’s best strategy for a new product with technological uncertainty.
  • Acme can stop development at any point.
  • The probability of technological failure is a key factor.
  • The optimal path through the decision tree using the TRUE branches can be considered to identify the best strategy.
  • Calculating the EMV gives the company a numerical value of the strategy’s worth.

Example 6.3: New Product Decisions with Options to Buy Information

  • Goal: To decide if it is worthwhile to purchase marketing research information.
  • Acme can decide whether to buy information.
  • Using conditional probabilities, Acme can decide if marketing the product is worthwhile.

Bayes’ Rule

  • Bayes’ rule is a formal mathematical mechanism for updating probabilities as new information becomes available.
  • Prior probabilities are initial probabilities, and likelihoods are conditional probabilities

Sensitivity Analysis

  • A strategy region graph displays how the EMV varies with input variable conditions, demonstrating whether the optimal decision changes in response to input changes.
  • A two-way sensitivity chart shows how the EMV varies when multiple input variables change simultaneously.

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Description

This quiz explores the key concepts in business analytics related to decision-making under uncertainty. It covers decision analysis frameworks, tools like decision trees, and the factors that influence risk and outcomes. Test your understanding of how to analyze decision problems and apply probability in decision processes.

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