Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the most common causes of burns in children?
What are the most common causes of burns in children?
What is the main classification of burns caused by electrical sources?
What is the main classification of burns caused by electrical sources?
High voltage (≥1000 volts), low voltage (<1000 volts), or flash burns
What is a common agent that causes chemical burns and is found in toilet cleaners?
What is a common agent that causes chemical burns and is found in toilet cleaners?
Sulfuric Acid
Children explore their environment as part of their normal, natural development.
Children explore their environment as part of their normal, natural development.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of poisoning with the examples:
Match the type of poisoning with the examples:
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done if a button-cell battery or a battery is lodged in a child's nose, ear, or throat?
What should be done if a button-cell battery or a battery is lodged in a child's nose, ear, or throat?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are types of physical abuse according to the WHO? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are types of physical abuse according to the WHO? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Child Sexual Abuse can include incident exposure of the genitals to a child.
Child Sexual Abuse can include incident exposure of the genitals to a child.
Signup and view all the answers
Child neglect is the failure to provide basic needs, medical care, or supervision to the degree that the child's health, safety, or well-being may be threatened with ______.
Child neglect is the failure to provide basic needs, medical care, or supervision to the degree that the child's health, safety, or well-being may be threatened with ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of cerebral palsy with their characteristics:
Match the following types of cerebral palsy with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Burns
- Definition: Damage to the skin caused by heat, radiation, friction, or chemicals
- Causes:
- Thermal: fire, hot liquids, high temperature tap water, hot cooking oil, steam
- Chemical: strong acid or base substances, e.g. sulfuric acid, bleach, hydrofluoric acid
- Electrical: high voltage (>1000V), low voltage (<1000V), flash burns
- Radiation: UV light, ionizing radiation
- Non-accidental: intentional harm
- Friction: rapid movement of surface against skin
- Degrees of burns:
- Superficial (First-Degree): epidermis, red, painful, heals in 5-10 days
- Superficial Partial Thickness (Second-Degree): papillary dermis, red, blistered, painful, heals in 2-3 weeks
- Deep Partial Thickness (Second-Degree): reticular dermis, less blanching, may require excision and skin grafting
- Full Thickness (Third-Degree): entire dermis, white/brown, leathery, painless, requires excision and skin grafting
- Fourth-Degree: extends through skin and into underlying fat, muscle, and bone
Poisoning
- Accidental poisoning common in toddlers aged 1-3 years
- Types of poisoning:
- Medication: ingestion of incorrect dose or wrong medication
- Household products and pesticides: ingestion or inhalation of substances like bleach, toilet bowl cleaners, pesticides
- Carbon monoxide: colorless, odorless gas emitted from fuel-burning appliances
- Household plants: toxins in plants like daffodils, foxglove, and lilies
- Alcohol, nicotine, and illicit substances: ingestion or contact with substances like liquor, nicotine gum, and illicit drugs
- Hydrocarbons: gasoline, kerosene, lamp oil, and other substances
- Batteries: ingestion of small batteries, especially button-cell batteries
- Personal care products: ingestion of nail polish remover, perfume, and other products
- Signs and symptoms: nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, abdominal pain, fitting
- Prevention: store medicines and household products out of reach, avoid distractions when administering medicine, and check child-resistant caps
Child Abuse
- Definition: physical, sexual, and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child by a parent or caregiver
- Types of child abuse:
- Physical abuse: intentional use of physical force against the child
- Sexual abuse: participation of a child in a sexual act for the benefit of another person
- Psychological abuse: verbal or symbolic acts that cause significant psychological harm
- Neglect: failure to provide basic needs, medical care, or supervision
- Causes/risk factors:
- Unintended conception
- Intent to punish
- Abused by spouse
- Economic recession
- Substance abuse
- Effects of child abuse:
- Immediate physical harm
- Developmental problems
- Chronic physical and psychological effects
- Shortened lifespan
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
-
Definition: group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood
-
Causes:
- Abnormal development or damage to the developing brain
- Problems in intrauterine development, hypoxia, birth trauma, and complications around birth or childhood
-
Risk factors:
- Preterm birth
- Term infants with placental problems, birth defects, low birth weight, and breathing meconium in the lungs
- Genetics (autosomal recessive)
- Infections, toxins, physical brain injury, and stroke in early childhood
-
Diagnosis:
- Neuroimaging with CT or MRI
- Symptoms and diagnosis typically occur by age 2, but may be diagnosed later in adulthood
-
Signs and symptoms:
- Low bone mineral density
- Eating problems
- Speech and language disorder
- Pain and sleep disturbances### Cerebral Palsy (CP) Types
-
Spastic CP (80% of overall CP cases):
- Characterized by spasticity or high muscle tone, resulting in stiff, jerky movements
- Affects the motor cortex of the brain, responsible for planning and completing voluntary movements
- Subtypes:
- Spastic Hemiplegia
- Spastic Diplegia
- Spastic Quadriplegia
- Spastic Monoplegia (affects one limb or specific area of the body)
Ataxic CP (5-10% of overall CP cases)
- Least frequent form of CP
- Characterized by decreased muscle tone due to damage to cerebellar structures
- Causes coordination and balance problems
- Manifests as intention (action) tremor, especially during precise movements
Athetoid (Dyskinetic) CP (ADCP)
- Associated with lesions during brain development due to bilirubin encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury
- Characterized by both hypertonia and hypotonia due to inability to control muscle tone
- Non-spastic, extrapyramidal form of CP
- Subtypes:
- Choreo-Athetoid CP: characterized by involuntary movements, mainly in the face and extremities
- Dystonic ADCP: characterized by slow, strong contractions, which may be local or affect the entire body
Mixed CP
- Characterized by simultaneous symptoms of Athetoid, Ataxic, and Spastic CP, varying in degree
- Most difficult to treat due to heterogeneity and unpredictability of symptoms and development over time
Management
- Multidisciplinary treatment is required for CP management
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the different types of burns, including thermal, chemical, electrical, and radiation burns, and their causes.
