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Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
Which factor is a major contributor in endemic Burkitt lymphoma?
What is a characteristic sign of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which of the following conditions is associated with an autoreactive T-cell response?
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What observation would confirm a diagnosis following vitamin B12 administration?
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What is a key characteristic of dysplastic nevi?
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Which mutation is associated with dysplastic nevi?
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What is the typical appearance of melanocytic nevi?
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Which factor is NOT associated with dysplastic nevi?
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Which statement is true regarding the appearance of dysplastic nevi?
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What is the primary complication associated with dysplastic nevi?
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At what stage of life are melanocytic nevi more prominent?
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What is the role of CDKN2A in relation to dysplastic nevi?
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What neurological manifestations can occur in Stage II of the condition?
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Which statement correctly describes the rash associated with chickenpox?
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What is a consequence of the reactivation of VZV that may lead to a medical emergency?
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In which stage does oligoarticular arthritis appear as a significant symptom?
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What form of tissue repair involves replacing damaged components with new cells?
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Which symptom is associated with shingles and can lead to Ramsay Hunt syndrome?
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What is a common symptom experienced in Stage I alongside erythema migrans?
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What is the primary cause of α-Thalassemia?
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Which condition is characterized by the presence of HbH?
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Which of the following best describes the Silent Carrier State of α-Thalassemia?
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What is the median age group commonly affected by α-Thalassemia?
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What typically happens in the spent phase of α-Thalassemia?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of α-Thalassemia Trait?
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In which condition is fetal distress most likely to occur?
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How many α-globin genes need to be deleted to classify as α-Thalassemia Trait?
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What is the primary process involved in scar formation after an injury?
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Which of the following statements about regeneration is true?
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What substantiates the mechanism of primary closure in wound healing?
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Which growth factor is noted for regulating fibrogenesis and extracellular matrix balance?
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In which closure method are the wound edges left open initially?
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What is the initial symptom following a tick bite that may indicate infection?
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What kind of rash is commonly seen in tick-borne infections?
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What role do cytokines play in the skin infiltration during immune responses?
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Study Notes
Burkitt Lymphoma Types
- Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma typically presents as a mass involving the mandible and may affect abdominal organs such as kidneys, ovaries, and adrenal glands.
- Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma usually manifests as a mass in the ileocecal region.
- HIV-associated Burkitt Lymphoma features characteristics from both endemic and sporadic forms but is more often linked to systemic involvement.
MYC Gene and EBV Influence
- MYC gene translocation occurs on chromosome 8, playing a crucial role in Burkitt Lymphoma.
- Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a major contributing factor in endemic Burkitt Lymphoma.
Antibody Response and Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- About 75% of patients develop Type I antibodies that hinder vitamin B12 from binding to intrinsic factor (IF).
- Type II antibodies also disrupt vitamin B12 binding, leading to autoimmune responses against gastric mucosa.
- This immune response causes injury to IF-secreting cells, resulting in vitamin B12 deficiency.
Neurological Complications
- Demyelination of dorsal and lateral spinal tracts can result in CNS lesions, spastic paraparesis, sensory ataxia, and severe lower limb paresthesia.
Biochemical Markers
- Elevated levels of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid signify vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Serum antibodies may be present in diagnosed cases.
Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- "Beefy" red tongue (atrophic glossitis) often accompanies CNS lesions.
- Diagnosis includes observing an increase in reticulocytes and hematocrit levels after vitamin B12 administration.
Types of Melanoma
- Malnocytic: Characterized by flat, uniformly pigmented macules; rare to become melanoma.
- Dysplastic: Linked to genetic mutations (NRAS, BRAF), often larger than malnocytic, with irregular borders and multiple lesions possible.
Stages of Lyme Disease
- Stage I: Erythema migrans appears as "Bull's eye" rash; flu-like symptoms are common.
- Stage II: Neurological signs include meningitis and cranial nerve palsies.
- Stage III: Late-stage involves oligoarticular arthritis affecting large joints.
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
- Initial infection presents as chickenpox, characterized by macular, vesicular lesions that rapidly crust over; typically heals without scarring.
- Reactivation leads to shingles with unilateral vesicular lesions along dermatomes, causing intense pain and potential complications like Ramsay Hunt syndrome.
Tissue Repair Processes
- Regeneration: Restores normal tissue state; requires cell proliferation and an intact extracellular matrix.
- Scar Formation: Involves angiogenesis and connective tissue deposition when regeneration isn't possible.
Rickettsial Infections
- Initial presentation post-tick bite includes fever, muscle aches, and a rash that starts on wrists and ankles.
- Rash can be macular or petechial, potentially mimicking other diseases.
Hematological Conditions
- α-Thalassemia arises from inherited deletions leading to reduced α-globin chain production, resulting in anemia.
- Severity of α-thalassemia depends on the number of affected genes: Silent Carrier State (1 gene deleted), Minor (2 genes deleted), HbH Disease (more severe), and Hydrops Fetalis (most severe form).
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of Burkitt Lymphoma, including Endemic, Sporadic, and HIV-associated variants. Test your knowledge on their characteristics, causes, and epidemiology. Gain a clearer understanding of this complex disease.
