64 Questions
What are the main structural components of Bunyaviridae particles?
L, M, and S RNAs
Which genus of the Bunyaviridae supergroup is carried by rodents?
Hantavirus
What is a distinguishing feature of Bunyaviridae compared to other negative-strand RNA viruses?
Presence of matrix protein
Where was the tick-borne Heartland phlebovirus discovered in 2012?
United States
What is NOT a characteristic of clinical illness caused by arenaviruses?
Vasculitis
Which symptom is prevalent in patients with Lassa fever?
Pharyngitis
How is an arenavirus infection usually diagnosed?
Serologic and genomic findings
Why are arenaviruses considered too dangerous for isolation?
Because they pose a high risk of infection to laboratory workers
How can rodent-borne arenavirus infections be prevented?
Improving hygiene to limit contact with mice
What is the most appropriate biosafety level for processing samples submitted for arenavirus isolation?
Level 4
What is the role of mosquitoes in spreading viruses of the California encephalitis virus group?
Spreading aggressive day-biting Aedes triseriatus
What is the main mode of transmission for hantaviruses?
Inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine
During which season did the deadly outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) occur in the Four Corners area of New Mexico?
Spring
What is a characteristic symptom of encephalitis caused by viruses like La Crosse virus?
Headache and fever
Which region has experienced outbreaks of respiratory tract disease caused by viruses of the Sin Nombre subfamily?
Central and South America
What is a common symptom seen in hemorrhagic fevers like Rift Valley fever?
Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
Which laboratory diagnostic method is commonly used to detect bunyaviruses?
Molecular detection using RT-PCR
What is the primary method for preventing human diseases caused by the Bunyaviridae family?
Interrupting contact between humans and the vector
What characteristic helps differentiate Bunyaviridae infections from other viral illnesses?
Mild nonspecific febrile illness
Why did the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) outbreak occur in the Four Corners area of New Mexico?
Increased rainfall and rodent population
Which symptom is characteristic of encephalitis caused by viruses like La Crosse virus?
Seizures in 50% of patients
What is a notable feature of hemorrhagic fevers like hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)?
Petechial rash, systemic hemorrhagic disease, kidney failure
What distinguishes the genera of Bunyaviridae from each other?
All of the above
Where does the Bunyaviridae replicate?
Cytoplasm
How is the virus internalized by cells after interacting with β-integrins?
Endocytosis
What is the role of the G1 glycoprotein in Bunyaviridae replication?
Interacts with β-integrins on cell surface
How do bunyaviruses prime the synthesis of viral mRNAs?
Steal 5′-capped portion of mRNAs in endosomes
Which organelle synthesizes and glycosylates Bunyavirus glycoproteins?
Golgi apparatus
How are Bunyavirus virions released from cells?
Through exocytosis
What is a common pathogenic mechanism shared between Bunyaviridae and togaviruses/flaviviruses?
Transmission by arthropod vectors
What is unique about the transmission of hantaviruses among humans?
By breathing aerosols contaminated with infected urine
What type of infection do hantaviruses cause in rodents?
Chronic asymptomatic infection leading to long-term viral shedding in urine
What is the main effect of hantaviruses on endothelial cells?
Cause vascular permeability and shock
How do most bunyaviruses spread among animals in their life cycle?
Transmitted by infected mosquitoes, ticks, or flies to rodents, birds, and larger animals
How are arthropod vectors controlled?
By eliminating growth conditions for the vectors
What is the average incubation period for arenavirus infections?
10-14 days
How do arenaviruses acquire their envelope?
By budding from the plasma membrane of host cells
Which region is NOT mentioned as a location where arenaviruses are found?
North America
What does the S strand in arenaviruses encode for?
Nucleoprotein and glycoproteins
What is the primary method of spread for arenaviruses to humans?
Contact with infected secretions or body fluids
Which statement about Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) is correct?
Meningitis is a typical clinical event
What is the average incubation period for arenavirus infections?
10-14 days
How do arenaviruses acquire their envelope?
By budding from the plasma membrane of host cells
Which region is NOT mentioned as a location where arenaviruses are found?
North America
What does the S strand in arenaviruses encode for?
Nucleoprotein and glycoproteins
What is the primary method of spread for arenaviruses to humans?
Contact with infected secretions or body fluids
Which statement about Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) is correct?
Meningitis is a typical clinical event
Junin and Machupo viruses cause similar syndromes to Lassa fever in which region?
Argentina and Bolivia
What is the primary body site affected by parasites causing human infections?
Intestine
Which type of motility is associated with Flagellates (Mastigophora)?
Flagellate motility
How is Amoebiasis diagnosed?
Detection of cysts in feces
Which organism requires eosinophils to kill due to its multicellular nature?
Helminths
Which parasite is responsible for Giardiasis?
Giardia lamblia
What is the main mode of transmission for Balantidiasis?
Ingestion of cysts
Where does infection by Intestinal Sporozoa primarily occur?
Intestinal epithelium
What is the diagnostic method for Urogenital Flagellate infections?
Trophozites in CSF
Which disease is caused by Naegleria fowleri?
Amoebic meningoencephalitis
What is the main vector for African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
Tsetse fly, West Africa
Which form of Leishmania causes the most severe visceral disease?
Leishmania donovanii
What is a characteristic feature of Babesiosis?
Easily confused with malaria
What is the primary host for Toxoplasma gondii?
Cat family
Which disease is caused by Plasmodium spp.?
Malaria
In which host does sporogony occur in Intestinal Sporozoa?
Human definitive host
Which life stage is found in blood plasma in Trypanosoma infections?
Trypomastigote
Test your knowledge about Bunyaviridae and the California encephalitis virus group, including their transmission patterns, survival capabilities, geographical distribution, and mosquito vectors. Learn about these viruses and their impact on human health.
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