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Questions and Answers
Which metal forms a film of zinc carbonate or oxide on exposure to air, protecting it from further oxidation?
Which metal forms a film of zinc carbonate or oxide on exposure to air, protecting it from further oxidation?
What metal is used for galvanizing iron and steel, with the most common galvanized material being galvanized iron sheet and strip?
What metal is used for galvanizing iron and steel, with the most common galvanized material being galvanized iron sheet and strip?
Which metal is a steel-white metal that is nonmagnetic at ordinary temperatures but becomes magnetic at 13 °F?
Which metal is a steel-white metal that is nonmagnetic at ordinary temperatures but becomes magnetic at 13 °F?
What metal resists corrosion by air, moisture, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide due to a stannic oxide film?
What metal resists corrosion by air, moisture, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide due to a stannic oxide film?
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Which metal has the ability to wet other metals and is used for protective coatings on stronger metals in metallic form or tin-containing alloys?
Which metal has the ability to wet other metals and is used for protective coatings on stronger metals in metallic form or tin-containing alloys?
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Which non-ferrous metal is characterized by its light weight, low melting point, and high thermal and electrical conductivity surpassing only silver and copper?
Which non-ferrous metal is characterized by its light weight, low melting point, and high thermal and electrical conductivity surpassing only silver and copper?
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What characteristic makes aluminum mesh and wire cloth particularly suitable for fencing and insect screening?
What characteristic makes aluminum mesh and wire cloth particularly suitable for fencing and insect screening?
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Why is copper considered one of the best electrical conductors?
Why is copper considered one of the best electrical conductors?
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Which property of lead makes it useful for items like expansion shields, washers, and lead-headed nails?
Which property of lead makes it useful for items like expansion shields, washers, and lead-headed nails?
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Why must galvanic action be considered when using copper architecturally?
Why must galvanic action be considered when using copper architecturally?
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What process does aluminum undergo when exposed to air, leading to the formation of a surface layer of green salt?
What process does aluminum undergo when exposed to air, leading to the formation of a surface layer of green salt?
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In the context of metals discussed, what is the significance of copper being non-ferrous?
In the context of metals discussed, what is the significance of copper being non-ferrous?
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What is the primary purpose of Alclad aluminum products?
What is the primary purpose of Alclad aluminum products?
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What is the main use of aluminum foil?
What is the main use of aluminum foil?
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What is the significance of Duralumin as an alloy?
What is the significance of Duralumin as an alloy?
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How are Aluminum sandwich panels primarily used in construction?
How are Aluminum sandwich panels primarily used in construction?
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Why are very corrosion-resistant aluminum alloys preferred in structural applications?
Why are very corrosion-resistant aluminum alloys preferred in structural applications?
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What distinguishes ornamental aluminum from structural aluminum?
What distinguishes ornamental aluminum from structural aluminum?
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Which property is NOT a characteristic of metals?
Which property is NOT a characteristic of metals?
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What is the primary difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
What is the primary difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
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Why are ferrous metals commonly used in structures like bridges and skyscrapers?
Why are ferrous metals commonly used in structures like bridges and skyscrapers?
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In metal treatment, what process is used to alter metal properties through controlled heating and cooling?
In metal treatment, what process is used to alter metal properties through controlled heating and cooling?
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What method is used to shape molten metal into desired products by forcing it into a mold?
What method is used to shape molten metal into desired products by forcing it into a mold?
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Which type of iron is known for its low carbon content and fibrous structure suitable for welding and forging?
Which type of iron is known for its low carbon content and fibrous structure suitable for welding and forging?
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What distinguishes steel from cast iron and wrought iron in terms of carbon content?
What distinguishes steel from cast iron and wrought iron in terms of carbon content?
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Which material is commonly used in construction to provide added strength and support to concrete structures?
Which material is commonly used in construction to provide added strength and support to concrete structures?
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What type of steel is suitable for applications requiring high strength and resistance to wear and tear?
What type of steel is suitable for applications requiring high strength and resistance to wear and tear?
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What is the primary difference between mild steel and stainless steel in terms of corrosion resistance?
What is the primary difference between mild steel and stainless steel in terms of corrosion resistance?
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What is the composition of red brass?
What is the composition of red brass?
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Which alloy is known as Alpha-beta brass?
Which alloy is known as Alpha-beta brass?
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What is the main characteristic of bronze that makes it suitable for casting?
What is the main characteristic of bronze that makes it suitable for casting?
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Which metal is comparable to iron in strength, copper in resistance to oxidation, and is capable of taking a high polish?
Which metal is comparable to iron in strength, copper in resistance to oxidation, and is capable of taking a high polish?
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What is the primary use of nickel when alloyed with other metals?
What is the primary use of nickel when alloyed with other metals?
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Which type of steel reinforcement bars are typically used for architectural purposes?
Which type of steel reinforcement bars are typically used for architectural purposes?
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What is the main difference between wire fabric and expanded mesh for concrete reinforcement?
What is the main difference between wire fabric and expanded mesh for concrete reinforcement?
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What is the primary purpose of storing steel reinforcement above the ground and away from moisture?
What is the primary purpose of storing steel reinforcement above the ground and away from moisture?
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Why should reinforcement be kept free from oil before use?
Why should reinforcement be kept free from oil before use?
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What is the primary reason for condemning the use of reinforcement with deep scaling rust?
What is the primary reason for condemning the use of reinforcement with deep scaling rust?
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Study Notes
Ferrous Metals
- Zinc (Zn) is a medium hard, bluish-white metal characterized by brittleness and low strength.
- Zinc is readily attacked by acids and alkalis but resistant to corrosion by water due to the formation of a film of zinc carbonate or oxide on exposure to air.
- Zinc is used for galvanizing (protective coating) iron and steel, and galvanized sheets become defaced and discolored when subjected to dampness and extremes of temperature.
Ferrous Metals
- Chromium (Cr) is a steel-white metal that takes a brilliant polish, is harder than cobalt or nickel, and is nonmagnetic at ordinary temperatures but becomes magnetic at 13 °F.
- Chromium does not tarnish in air, resists oxidizing agents, and is soluble in acids and strong alkalis.
- Chromium is used as an alloying ingredient in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, and chromium plating is used to give a thin, hard, bright, wear-resistant surface that sheds water when highly polished.
Ferrous Metals
- Tin (Sn) is a soft, ductile, malleable, bluish-white metal that resists corrosion by air, moisture, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide due to a stannic oxide film.
- Tin takes a highly reflective polish and has the ability to wet other metals, with main uses in metallic form for protective coatings on stronger metals.
- Uses of tin include bronzes, brasses, terneplate, mirrors, gilding, solders, hardware, and fusible alloys.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Aluminum is a soft, nonmagnetic silvery metal characterized by its light weight (1/3 that of iron, brass, or copper), low melting point, and high thermal and electrical conductivity.
- Aluminum readily combines with oxygen to form aluminum oxide, a transparent film that makes it corrosion-resistant, and is moderately high in coefficient of expansion.
- Aluminum is attacked by alkalis, hydrochloric acid, and other dilute acids, and is subject to galvanic action.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc used for doors, windows, door and window frames, ornamental metalwork, and finish hardware.
- There are various types of brass, including red brass, aluminum brass, common brass, naval brass, and alpha-beta brass/Muntz metal.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin used for casting, characterized by its corrosion resistance, density, and hardness.
- There are different types of bronze, including silicon bronze, gold bronze, phosphor bronze, aluminum bronze/Albronze, and manganese bronze.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Nickel is an inert silvery metal and resistant to strong alkalis and most acids, resembling iron in strength and toughness and copper in its resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
- Nickel takes a high polish and can be hot and cold rolled, forged, bent, extruded, spun, punched, and drawn, and imparts its qualities to the resulting material when alloyed with other metals.
Metals for Concrete Reinforcement
- Steel bars are the most commonly used reinforcement, available in plain or deformed, and in various sizes and lengths.
- Wire fabric is made of cold-drawn steel wire and is widely used for the reinforcement of concrete slabs and floors.
- Expanded mesh is manufactured from solid steel sheets and is deformed into an open mesh-work in various shapes.
Metals for Concrete Reinforcement
- Laths are furnished either in flat or segmental sheets, pressed into a series of solid ribs, between which the metal is stamped, perforated, or deformed into an open mesh-work.
- Examples include Ribplex and Hyrib.
Metals for Concrete Reinforcement
- Storage and care of reinforcement involve storing in racks above the ground and away from moisture and vegetation, and keeping free from oil.
- Actual rust scales may indicate a reduction in the effective cross section of the bar, and all reinforcement should be kept free from oil.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Copper is a ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic metal with a characteristic bright, reddish-brown color, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance.
- Copper alloys have enough strength for minor structural work and are attacked by alkalis and many of the common acids.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Lead is a blue-gray, soft, very heavy metal, extremely workable, and has good corrosion resistance, making it suitable for uses such as expansion shields for securing bolts, screws, and other accessories in masonry.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Alclad refers to certain aluminum products with protective coatings applied primarily for corrosion resistance, and improves the appearance of the alloy.
- Duralumin is a light, strong alloy of aluminum, copper, magnesium, and manganese.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Aluminum sheet and strip are used for roofing, flashing, gutter, etc., and can be extruded into various shapes.
- Corrugated aluminum is a rigidized sheet fabricated of special aluminum alloys specifically developed for this purpose.
- Aluminum doors and windows can be fabricated from extrusions and rolled shapes, and aluminum panels and sandwich panels are pre-fabricated units used for building exterior and interior partitions and dividers.### Metals Introduction
- Metals are elementary substances that are lustrous and crystalline in structure when solid.
- They are characterized by opacity, malleability, ductility, and conductivity.
- Metals are denser than other elemental substances and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Metals can be classified into two groups: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.
Ferrous Metals
- Ferrous metals contain iron as a principal element and are vulnerable to rust and corrosion.
- They are commonly used for bridges, skyscrapers, shipping containers, railways, large pipes, tunnels, and cars due to their inherent strength and weight.
- Ferrous metals are magnetic in nature and are useful in the manufacturing of electrical appliances like refrigerators.
Non-Ferrous Metals
- Non-ferrous metals contain little to no iron and are lightweight compared to ferrous metals.
- They are commonly used in lightweight construction, such as aircraft production and canning and bottle top production.
- Non-ferrous metals are also used for electrical and electronic applications due to their higher conductivity and malleability.
Heat Treating
- Heat treating is the most common treatment of metals.
- Grains in metals tend to grow larger as the metal is heated.
- There are three ways of heating metal: annealing, quenching, and tempering.
Metal Forming
- Metal forming is the process of mechanically shaping molten metal to form a desired product.
- Common methods of metal forming include casting, forging, rolling, drawing, extrusion, and stamping.
Metal Joining
- Metal joining involves joining two metals together using various techniques.
- Types of metal joining include soldering, brazing, welding, and rivets.
Ferrous Metals (Iron)
- Iron is a malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver-white metallic element.
- Properties of iron include:
- Most magnetically permeable of the metals
- Prone to rust and oxidation
- Can be hardened by heating and sudden cooling
- Brittle at low temperatures
- Soft at red heat, weldable at white heat
Ferrous Metals (Iron Pig Iron)
- Pig iron is a crude iron that is drawn from a blast furnace and cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into cast iron, wrought iron, or steel.
Ferrous Metals (Cast Iron)
- Cast iron is a hard, brittle, non-malleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0-4.5% carbon and 0.5-3.0% silicon.
- It is used in architectural fields mainly for piping and fittings, ornamental ironwork, hardware, and miscellaneous casting.
Ferrous Metals (Wrought Iron)
- Wrought iron is a tough, malleable, relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a fibrous structure.
- It is used in architectural fields primarily in the form of genuine wrought iron pipe, chain, sheet, and ornamental ironwork.
Ferrous Metals (Steel)
- Steel is an iron-based alloy having a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than that of wrought iron, usually not more than 2%.
- Properties of steel include:
- Can be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, but not extruded
- Phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen are present as impurities
- Manganese, silicon, aluminum, copper, and nickel may be added to control the properties of steel
Ferrous Metals (Steel - Wrought Carbon Steel)
- Wrought carbon steel is used in structural steel, concrete reinforcement, sheet and strip, corrugated steel, and steel windows and doors hardware.
- Properties of wrought carbon steel include:
- Can be hot-rolled or cold-rolled/formed
- Used in fabricated form as decking galvanized sheet, expanded metal, panels, and sandwich panels
- Used as a base metal for porcelain enamel
Ferrous Metals (Steel - Alloy Steel)
- Alloy steel is steel to which manganese, silicon, aluminum, titanium, and molybdenum have been added in sufficient quantity to produce properties unobtainable in carbon steels.
- Properties of alloy steel include:
- Increased strength, hardness, ease and depth of hardenability, performance at high or low temperatures, electromagnetic properties, wear resistance, and electrical conductivity or resistivity.
- Used in structural applications, the desired properties are strength, expansion, corrosion resistance, ductility, and workability.
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Description
This quiz covers the introduction of ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction, including their properties and classifications. Topics include metals for concrete reinforcement, density, malleability, and conductivity.
