Building Materials: Rebars

Building Materials Overview

• Building materials are commonly used to construct buildings and create cohesive, complete structures.

Contents

• Reinforcement Bars
• Masonry
• Bituminous Materials
• Plastics
• Adhesives And Sealants
• Building Protection
• Paints And Protective Coatings
• Hardwares

Rebars (Reinforcing Bars)

• Rebars are common steel bars also known as reinforcing steel or deformed bars.
• They are used as tensioning devices in reinforced concrete and masonry structures, holding the concrete in compression.
• Rebars are usually made of carbon steel with ridges to improve mechanical anchoring within the concrete.
• Rebars are used in concrete and masonry works.

Rebar diagram

• H indicates point of origin, the letter or symbol of the producing mill
• Size Designation: Common sizes are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 18.
• S denotes the type of steel, such as Carbon-Steel (A615/A615M), Low-Alloy Steel (A706/A706M) or Stainless-Steel (A955/A955M)
• 60 is the Minimum Yield Designation (Grade Mark or Grade Line)

Tying Reinforcing Steel

• Snap Tie or Simple Tie: Wire wraps once diagonally around two crossing bars, twisted with sidecutters for tightness.
• Wall Tie: Wire goes 1 1/2 times around the vertical bar, then diagonally around the intersection, twisting ends tightly, and excess wire removed.
• Double-Strand Single Tie: A variation of simple tie, favored for heavy work.
• Saddle Tie: Wires pass halfway around one bar, brought squarely or diagonally around the crossing bar, twisted together, and cut off.
• Saddle Tie with Twist: Wire goes completely around one bar, across to the other, brought together and twisted.
• Cross Tie or Figure-Eight Tie: This type of tie causes little to no twist in the bars.

Masonry Overview

• Masonry involves building with natural or manufactured units like stone, brick, or concrete block.
• Mortar is commonly used as a bonding agent.

Concrete Blocks

• Hollow Load-Bearing Concrete Block: An 8" x 8" x 16" block weighs 40-50 lb with heavyweight aggregate and 25-35 lb with lightweight aggregate.
• Solid Load-Bearing Block: Has a core area of no more than 25% of the gross cross-sectional area.
• Hollow; Non-Load Bearing Concrete Block: The core area exceeds 25% of the cross-sectional area.
• Concrete Building Tile, Concrete Brick Common Sizes:
• 4" x 8" x 16" for non-load bearing partitions
• 6" x 8" x 16" for load-bearing walls

Concrete Block/Masonry Terminology

• Concrete Masonry Unit: A precast unit of portland cement, fine aggregate, and water, molded into various shapes.
• Stretcher Block: A concrete masonry unit having dimensions of 8 x 8 x 16 in (203 x 203 x 406 mm).
• Partition Block: A concrete masonry unit used in non-load-bearing walls, usually around 4-6 in (102 or 152 mm) thick.
• Bullnose Block: Unit with one or more rounded exterior corners.
• Corner Block: Unit with a solid end face, used at wall ends or corners.
• Return-Corner Block: Unit used at the corners of 6-12 in (152-305 mm) walls to maintain horizontal coursing.
• Double-Corner Block: Unit having solid faces at both ends, used in constructing a masonry pier.
• Pilaster Block: Units used in constructing a plain or reinforced masonry pilaster.
• Coping Block: A solid unit used as the top or finishing course of a masonry wall.
• Sash Block: A unit with an end slot or rabbet to receive the jamb of a door or window frame; also called jamb block.
• Concrete Block: A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit, often incorrectly called cement block.
• Face Shell: One of the two sidewalls of a hollow concrete masonry unit.
• Web: Cross walls connecting the face shells of a hollow masonry unit.
• Core: The molded open space in a concrete masonry unit; also called a cell.
• Open-End Block: Unit with one end open for vertical steel reinforcement to be embedded in grout.
• Lintel Block: Unit used for lintels/bond beams, having a U-shape for reinforcing steel embedment.

Other Concrete Block/Masonry Terminology

• Header Block: Unit with a portion of one face shell removed for headers in a bonded wall.
• Sound-Absorbing Masonry Unit: Unit with a solid top/slotted face shell/fibrous filler for increased sound absorption.
• Slump Block: Unit with irregular face texture due to settlement of wet mix during curing.
• Split-Face Block: Unit split lengthwise by a machine after curing.
• Faced Block: Unit having a special ceramic, glazed, or polished face.
• Tile Face Block
• Split Face Block
• Concrete Brick
• Column Blocks
• Solid Concrete Block
• Interlocking Block
• Screen Block
• Split Face Concrete Brick
• Paver
• Interlocking Paver
• Rabbet Receives jamb of a door or window frame; also called jamb block
• Sill block: Unit with a wash to shed rainwater.
• Wash: Surface inclined to shed rainwater; also called weathering.
• Cap block: Unit with a solid top for use as a bearing surface; also called solid-top block.
• Control-joint block: Units used in constructing a vertical joint.
• Bond-beam block: Unit used to construct a bond beam, with a depressed section for reinforcing steel.
• Bond beam: Course grouted and reinforced to serve as a beam or horizontal tie.
• Faced Block: Unit with a special ceramic, glazed, or polished face.
• Scored Block: Units with vertical grooves.
• Shadow Block: Units with a face shell with a pattern of beveled recesses.
• Screen Block: Units having a decorative pattern of transverse openings.
• Concrete Brick: A rectangular unit, usually not larger than 4 x 4 x 12 in (102 x 102 x 305 mm).
• Sand Lime Brick made with damp sand and slaked lime

Wall Surfaces

• Random Rubble: Rubble wall with discontinuous but approximately level beds or courses.
• Coursed Rubble: Rubble wall having approximate levels brought at intervals to continuous level courses.
• Squared Rubble: Rubble wall w/ squared stones of sizes coursed at every 3-4th stone.
• Cyclopean: Formed w/ large, irregular blocks of stones fitted closely without the use of mortar.
• Ashlar: Squared building stone finely dressed to permit very thin mortar joints.
• Random Ashlar: Ashlar masonry built in discontinuous courses.
• Coursed Ashlar: Ashlar masonry of stones having the same height, but each course varies in height.
• Broken Rangework: Ashlar masonry laid in horizontal courses of varying heights, broken at intervals.

Bricks

• Bricks are masonry units of clay, formed into a rectangular prism, hardened by drying or firing in a kiln. Terms:
• Common Brick: Made for general use, without special color or texture treatment; also called building brick.
• Facing Brick: Made of special clays for wall facing, often treated for desired color and surface; also called face brick.
• Brick Type: Indicates variation in size, color, chippage, and distortion.
• FBX: Suitable for use w/minimum variation in size, narrow color range, and high mechanical perfection.
• FBS: Suitable where a wider color range and size variation are permitted than for type FBX.
• FBA: Suitable where particular effects are desired from nonuniformity in size, color, and texture.

Brick Manufacturing & Designations

• Soft-Mud Process: Forming brick by molding wet clay (20-30% moisture).
• Sand-Struck Brick: Soft-mud process brick w/sand-lined mold, producing a matte texture.
• Water-Struck Brick: Soft-mud process brick w/water-lubricated mold for a smooth, dense surface.
• Stiff-Mud Process: Forming brick/structural tile by extruding stiff plastic clay (12-15% moisture), cutting with wires.
• Dry-Press Process: Forming brick by molding dry clay (5-7% moisture) under high pressure for sharp edges.
• Kiln: Oven for burning, baking, or drying, especially for pottery or bricks.
• Flashing: Firing brick units alternately with too much or too little air to vary their face color.
• Brick Grade: Indicates durability when exposed to weathering

Brick Designations & Components

• MW: Brick suitable for exposure to moderate weathering.
• SW: Suitable for exposure to sever weathering
• NW: Brick suitable for negligible weathering.
• Cull: A brick or timber rejected.
• Absorption: Weight of water absorbed by clay masonry when immersed, expressed as % of dry unit weight.
• Saturation Coefficient: Ratio of cold water to boiling water absorption, indicating freezing/thawing resistance.
• Suction: The water absorbed by a clay masonry unit when partially immersed for 1 minute.
• Efflorescence: A white, powdery deposit on surfaces caused by soluble salts.
• Firebrick: A brick made of fire clay and used for lining furnaces/fireplaces.
• Fire Clay: Refractory clay used in making firebricks.
• Refractory: Material retaining physical shape chemical identity when subjected to high temperatures.
• Clinker: Dense, hard-burned brick, especially for paving.

Brick Terminology

• Nominal dimension: Dimension larger than the actual dimension to account for mortar joint thickness.
• Modular brick: 4 x 2 2/3 x 8 in (102 x 68 x 203 mm)
• Norman brick: 4 x 2 2/3 x 12 in (102 x 68 x 305 mm).
• SCR brick: 6 x 2 2/3 x 12 in (102 x 68 x 305 mm).
• Engineered brick: 4 x 3 1/5 x 8 in (102 x 81 x 203 mm).
• Norwegian brick: 4 x 3 1/5 x 12 in (102 x 81 x 305 mm)
• Jumbo brick: oversized bricks established by the manufacturer
• Roman brick: 4 x 2 x 12 in (102 x 51 x 305 mm)
• Economy brick: 4 x 4 x 8 in (102 x 102 x 203 mm)

Brick Elements, Patterns, and Bonds

• Soap: Brick/tile having normal face dimensions but 2 in (51 mm) thick.
• Bat: Brick cut transversely to leave one end whole.
• Gauge: Chipping stones/bricks to a size/shape
• Stretcher: Brick laid horizontally with longer edge exposed or parallel to the surface.
• Header: Brick laid horizontally with the shorter end exposed or parallel to the surface.
• Rowlock: Brick laid horizontally on longer edge with shorter end exposed; also, rollock.
• Soldier: Brick laid vertically with the longer face edge exposed.

More Brick Elements, Patterns, and Bonds

• Sailor: Brick laid vertically with the broad face exposed.
• Shiner: Brick laid horizontally on longer edge with broad face exposed; also, bull stretcher
• Brickwork: Brick construction, the art of bonding bricks effectively.
• Bond: Masonry unit arrangements, a regular interlocking pattern increases strength appearance.
• Running Bond: Brickwork/masonry composed of overlapping stretchers; also brick stretcher bond.
• Common bond: Bond having a course of headers between every five or six courses of stretchers; also American bond.
• Closer: A masonry unit formed/cut to finish a course or complete the bond; also enclosure
• Stretching Course: Continuous course layers in brickwork
• Heading Course: Continuous course of headers in brickwork
• Bond Course: A continuous course of headers or bond overlapping

Brick Bonding Patterns

• English Bond: Alternating courses in which centered stetches line up vertically.
• Queen Closer: A brick of half width, for completing a course.
• English Cross Bond: Head joints in the stretching courses are offset by half length
• Flemish Bond: Alternating headers stretchers in each course, also centers above / below stretcher.
• King Closer: A three-quarter brick for finishing / spacing.
• Flare Header: A brick darker end exposed as a header in patterned brickwork.
• Flemish Diagonal Bond: Formed with courses as a diamond pattern.
• Garden-Wall Bond: A brickwork bond having sequence of 1 header / 3 stretchers in each course.

Masonry Terminology

• Masonry: Usually Building with structural products
• Term:
• Field: Expanse between openings/corners

Mortar and Joints

• Head Joint: The vertical joint between two masonry units
• Shoved Joint: Applying mortar along the joining
• Collar Joint: Joining between two wythes. vertical joint
• Bed Join: Horizontal joint
• Mortar: a product

Mortar & Components cont.

• field is the expanse of a masonry wall between openings. A course is a continuous layers are the range
• corbel projecting of brick or stone
• point- finish of point & tuck pointing
• tooled joint. compressed, weather-resistant mortar.
• troweled joint- finished with a trowel,
• raked joint-removing the mortar and then hardening.
• Concave- curved & v-joint-angular weathered joint, upper edger joints ready for the face with the masonry.
• struck joints upper level & tuck & pointing, bastrad/full joint-flat joint

Mortar & Uses

• plastic mixture, cement based; masonry construction
• cement mortar- portland cement, sand & water
• cememt-lime- a cement mix & is easy to use =masonry cement, propritery portland
• epoxy mortar-epoxy resin.
• nonstaining- low tree alkahi, migrations of soluble materials

Mortar Types

• Medium-high- or High Strength- M,S,N,O and K
• lime-heat of calcium carbonates. calcium oxide, hydrated lime-powder use for mortar
• green-not fully set,
• letmixs-short mix
• plasticer mixer concrete,

Masonry Composition

• hollow unit- set, bonded by masonry
• joint reinforced unit
• reinforced hollow- each cell grouted in
• any steel reinforced cracking.

Bitumen

• A generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons, derived from coal or petroleum, as a coal-tar pitch or asphalt.

Bitumen Types

• Tar: Resulting condensate from destructive distillation of materials such as wood coal, shale, peat, or bone.
• Pitch: Solid or semi-solid residue from partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.
• Coal-Tar Pitch: Most common material.
• Asphalts: Dark brown or black solids or semi-solids in their natural state or produced by refining petroleum.
• Liquid Paving Asphalts: Liquid asphalts used for cutback paving (liquid asphalts used for paving are cutbacks).
• Asphalt Paving Cements: Binders for more expensive asphalt pavements.

Plastics General

• Are synthetic materials made from common substances like coal, salt, and oil.
• Relatively simple chemicals (monomers) react to produce chainlike molecules (polymers).
• Are synthetic/natural organic materials that can be molded, extruded, or drawn into objects, films, or filaments.
• Plastic Laminates: Three/more layers laminated w/ plastic adhesive under pressure.

Plastic General Classification

• Thermoplastics: Soften when heated and harden when cooled, regardless of the number of repetitions
• Thermosetting Plastics: Set into a permanent shape when heat/pressure are applied during forming.

Thermoplastics

• Polycarbonate: Tough used for safety lightning
• Polyethylene: Flexible and for packaging
• Polypropylene: It is resisting heat and chemicals
• Polystyrene: Stable
• Acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene: Used to rigid heat
• vinyl- poly vinyl reason

More Thermoplastic Info

• Polyvinyl Resin: Class resin with formula. also resin
• Polyvinyl Chloride: Water insulation
• Polyvinyl butyral: Thermos interlayer safety of class
• Nylon thermoplastic: Extreme, being able to get it

Thermosetting Plastics

• Polyurethane: Elastic and flexible and foams for sealants.
• Polyester: Group reisins.
• Fiber Glass plastics: Polyesters trannslucent
• Epoxy Resin tough structure
• Melamine Resin surface coaters, molded products

More Thermosetting Info

• Phenolic Resin resistance used to for products
• Bakelite : Trademark for resin. Invented by Dr leo
• Urea For resin,
• Melamine & Hard and Stable

Adhesives and Sealants

• Are synthetic materials from substances like coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton, wood, and water.
• Simple chemicals monomers
• Cohesiveness the particles, clinging together
• Adhesiveness-Material can be fixes and clean it
• Sealers-to seal material, of penetration of water or other escape

Heat Transfer

• Conduction: Heat moves through a material.
• Radiation: Heat radiates from a source. Heat rises and circulates.
• Convection: Warm and cold currents
• Important to try and prevent air from set up in the walls cealing.

Thermal Insulation

• Loose Fill: Made from fibrous materials such as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber or animal hair
• Blanket Insulation: Made from fibrous material to mat
• Batts: Covered with paper in short spances
• Structural insulation board (organic fiber: Wood, cane, straw, or cork)

More Thermal Insulation

• Reflective insulation: Aluminum of copper reflects heat
• Foamed inplace insulation (polyurethane )
• spayed on insulation materials used are foam abestos
• corrugareded Insulation, from paper into enclosed

Building Protection

• Waterproofing: Is a method of protecting surfaces against the destructiveeffects of water
• Damp proofin- is used from outside protect
• Soil poisoninf stops insects posts
• wood preservative is chemical- liquid applied protect agaiainst powder
• fire proofing applied and added srteng protection.

More Protection

• Rattling animals and wooden habitating
• Rooting matericals like steal iron
• Tgerpseal based water proof seal
• paper barrires effectivity layers

Paint and Protective Coatings

• Mixture which adjusted and diluted with correct type of addicties film

Paint

• Is mixture of particles to solid
• Pigment- liquid vehicle substance
• Vehicle liquid to surface
• Binder bond particals from dying
• Solent volatile easy dries

Painting Componants

• Thiners liquid diluted proper
• Mineral Spirits volotile used to thinners
• turpentice obtained distilling.

Paint Components

• Body: Finely ground material giving it powder.
• Vehicle: nonvolatile
• Pigment.
• Thinners- volatile solvant to allow better.

Varnish types

• Varnishesto proect surface
• Innames is an enamel pigmnt when this is added
• Eamel wood and steel Laquers to clear finshes by films
• latex.
• Shellac

Component Types

• Stands color surfacewithout concealing
• Filers material grain and protective

Hardware

• Metal products used in construction (e.g., bolts, hinges, locks).

Hardware Classification

• Finishing Hardware - Function and a finished appereance.
• Rough Hardware - Concealed

Rough Construction components

• Nails (common, annular, helical, doubled headed.
• Bolts.
• Washer Type

Fastning

• Fastening
• Nails slender piece hammered
• Cut nail tapering shape
• wired- ellipse shape
• Common : Fender , Diamionds
• Bond nail slim
• Casing Nail
• shak, set

More terms

• Screws and threads
• threads & tap, pull lots.
• Fast & striping

More

• Types: machine screw

More

Head types like bolts Flats ovals, rounds Drimver power. Staples

Metal Fittings

• Bolt Threaded metal head
• Carriage roundes
• Stover small, coarse
• “j”, “U”- eye bolt,

Metal Support

• Hanger Various brackets a. Beam

Finishes

• dowel circular prevents
• shear plate resistant
• Timber shear between members.