BSPOL1312 Session 9: Constructivism

The belief that social interactions and shared understandings shape our perception of reality, which then influences our actions in international relations.

Reality is not objective but is shaped by our shared perceptions, values, and understandings.

The idea that material factors, such as power, are less important in international relations than how actors perceive and interpret those factors.

The theory that the end of the Cold War provided evidence for the importance of constructivist ideas in understanding international relations.

The idea that actors and structures mutually influence each other in international relations.

A model that emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of actors in international relations.

A system of international relations where two dominant powers hold the most power and influence.

A system of international relations with multiple power centers, no single state dominates power.

A state of international relations where nations view each other as enemies and engage in a constant struggle for power.

A state of international relations characterized by competition among nations, but without the desire for complete elimination.

A state of international relations marked by peaceful conflict resolution and mutual support among nations.

Wendt's theory that anarchy's meaning is not inherent but shaped by states' interactions and shared understandings.

States acknowledging the need for cooperation in specific situations, recognizing their interdependence.

States pursuing cooperation because it benefits their own self-interest.

States fully embracing Kantian values, prioritizing peaceful conflict resolution and mutual support.

A situation where states develop a sense of shared identity and values, leading to assurance that conflicts will be resolved peacefully.

History is not a predetermined path but is actively shaped by humans. People create their own history and institutions such as states.

Our understanding of the world is subjective and influenced by our consciousness. Reality is not experienced directly but filtered through our perception.

Social phenomena cannot be simply described like physical occurrences. We need to interpret meaning and understand the motivations behind actions.

Structures, such as societal norms and institutions, don't dictate behavior definitively. People can navigate and even change these structures through their actions and thinking.

Social theory explains how the social world is constructed by humans and how this construction influences human actions and interactions.

Constructivist theory applies social theory to international relations, exploring how the social world of international politics is constructed and influences state behavior.

Constructivism emphasizes the role of shared ideas, norms, and beliefs in shaping international relations.

Constructivism argues that the world is not predetermined but is socially constructed by people through their actions and interactions.

The idea that the nature of anarchy (a lack of central authority) depends not on the system itself, but on how states interact with each other.

Wendt argues that states' identities and interests are not predetermined, but are formed through interactions with other states.

The actions of states in the international system shape the meaning and significance of the system itself.

States cannot know what they want (their interests) without first knowing who they are (their identity).

The interactions between states that create identities and interests happen through specific cultural norms and practices.

States are not passive recipients of information, but actively construct meaning through their actions and interactions.

The Cold War ended not just because of a change in material power, but because the US and the USSR shifted their perceptions of each other.

Constructivist approaches argue that states' actions are driven by their identities and interests, which are shaped by their interactions within a particular culture.

NGOs use their credibility and public pressure to influence policies and encourage governments and other actors to implement changes.

A group of international actors connected by shared values, common discourse, and frequent information exchange, working together for a specific goal.

The process of setting an issue as important for discussion and action, often through media coverage, research, and public campaigns.

The 1997 convention aimed at banning anti-personnel landmines, a significant achievement influenced by NGOs and transnational advocacy networks.

A country strategically located between two powerful nations, creating a buffer zone between them. Often used by weaker countries to leverage influence and security.

A type of political system where the head of state is a monarch, but their power is limited by a constitution and elected institutions.

How countries perceive each other's intentions and capabilities, influencing relations and decisions about security and cooperation.

A country's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is its total economic output divided by its population. It's a measure of average wealth per person.

Bhutan's geographical location limits its ability to compete for power and influence its surroundings. It is forced to rely on neighboring countries for security and economic support due to its lack of resources.

While Bhutan's geographical limitations are a factor, they are not the sole determinant of its actions. Bhutan's perception of its neighbors shapes its foreign policy, leading to reliance on India and perceived threat from China.

The belief that China's annexation of Tibet created significant fear in Bhutan, prompting them to turn to India for security and close their northern border.

Bhutan's lack of official relations with China is a direct outcome of the perception of China as a threat and India as a trusted partner based on historical events.

Constructivism suggests that changes in perceptions and relationships can occur as a result of negotiations and agreements, potentially leading to a shift in how countries view each other.

A resolution of the border dispute between China and Bhutan could alter their perceptions of each other, potentially leading to formal diplomatic relations and improved relations.

Constructivism is particularly valuable in analyzing evolving international relations because it focuses on the changing perceptions and social interactions between nations, unlike realism, which primarily considers power dynamics.

Constructivism emphasizes that the social relationships between nations are fluid and can be influenced by the actions, beliefs, and values of those involved.