BSN3 Antimicrobials Cheat Sheet

Questions and Answers

What mechanism do sulfonamides primarily use to inhibit bacterial growth?

Inhibition of DNA synthesis (correct)

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Inhibition of RNA transcription

Destruction of cell wall integrity

What describes the classification of sulfonamides in terms of their action on bacteria?

Bactericidal exclusively for anaerobes

Bactericidal against all bacteria

Bacteriostatic with a focus on gram positive bacteria

Bacteriostatic mainly effective against gram negative bacteria (correct)

Which condition is a notable risk associated with the use of sulfonamides?

Thrombocytopenia causing an increase in bleeding risk

Kernicterus due to bilirubin displacement (correct)

Hepatotoxicity resulting in liver failure

Nephrotoxicity leading to acute kidney injury

What combination of drugs is referred to as Bactrim or Co-trimoxazole?

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole Signup and view all the answers

What were sulfonamides recognized as in the development of antimicrobials?

The first antimicrobials used Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of administration for difficile colitis to be effective?

PO only Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ribosome inhibitors is bactericidal?

Aminoglycosides Signup and view all the answers

What is a common type of toxicity associated with aminoglycosides?

Ototoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with vancomycin that results from IV administration?

Red man syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major reason for ordering a Vanco-trough in patients on vancomycin?

To ensure effective plasma concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect may increase with fast infusion of aminoglycosides?

Neuromuscular paralysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of aminoglycosides in clinical settings?

Aminoglycosides are primarily used for treating severe gram-negative infections. Signup and view all the answers

Why should aminoglycosides not be mixed with amoxicillin in the same saline bag?

Amoxicillin will inactivate gentamicin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of quinolones?

Prevent DNA unwinding and replication Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is quinolone therapy NOT typically used to treat?

Viral infections Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with quinolone use?

Arthropathy and tendon rupture Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotic is penicillin classified as?

Beta-lactam Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a mechanism of bacterial resistance to penicillin?

Beta-lactamase production Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is NOT commonly associated with quinolone therapy?

Coughing fits Signup and view all the answers

In what patient population is the use of quinolones contraindicated?

Children Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Cross-linking amino acid side chains Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about beta-lactamase inhibitors is correct?

Clavulanate competes with penicillin for access to the beta-lactamase active site. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT used to classify penicillin families?

Method of synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which penicillin has 100% oral bioavailability?

Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of penicillin?

Bone marrow depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pharmacokinetic characteristic of Penicillin G?

Acid unstable Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is resistant to beta-lactamase hydrolysis?

Nafcillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the restricted use of carbenicillin today?

Emerging resistance patterns Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the inflammation have on the pharmacokinetics of Penicillin G?

It enhances CSF penetration. Signup and view all the answers

What is one common adverse effect associated with the use of certain antimicrobials like metronidazole?

GI disturbance and metallic taste Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is linked to blood dyscrasias as a side effect of certain antimicrobials?

Destruction of bone marrow cells Signup and view all the answers

What reaction may occur if alcohol is consumed while taking certain antimicrobials?

Disulfiram-like reaction Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process is inhibited by antimicrobials, leading to increased concentrations of acetaldehyde after alcohol consumption?

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with using certain antimicrobials in relation to drug interactions?

CYP interactions increasing the risk for drug-drug interactions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antimicrobials Overview

Antimicrobials are classified by their action against bacteria, including bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.
Susceptibility varies with bacterial type: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, anaerobes, atypicals, and Pseudomonas.

Sulfonamides

Bacteriostatic agents primarily targeting Gram-negative bacteria.
Inhibit DNA synthesis by blocking dihydropteroate and dihydrofolate synthesis.
First used class of antimicrobials.
Commonly used for uncomplicated Gram-negative urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Toxicity includes kernicterus, hypersensitivity, and red man syndrome.
Renal excretion noted; may cause nephrotoxicity.

Ribosome Inhibitors

Divided into bactericidal (aminoglycosides) and bacteriostatic (tetracyclines, linezolid, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, macrolides, streptogramins).
Aminoglycosides target the 30S ribosomal subunit and are primarily effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.
Often used in combination with beta-lactams for treating severe infections, e.g., sepsis.
Known toxicities include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and rare neuromuscular paralysis.

Quinolones

Known for extensive tissue distribution, effective against UTIs, STIs, and respiratory infections.
Contraindicated in children due to risks of arthropathy and tendon rupture.
Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, dizziness, and renal issues.
Cardiovascular effects may include hypotension and prolonged QT interval.

Beta-lactams

Penicillin

First true antibiotic, essential for peptidoglycan layer synthesis in bacterial cell walls.
Resistance mechanisms include alteration of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), reduced permeability, and beta-lactamase production.
Classified by source, spectrum of activity, resistance to enzymes, and route of administration.
Aminopenicillins like amoxicillin exhibit high bioavailability; toxicity may include diarrhea and rash.

Extended Spectrum & Resistance

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins and combinations with beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., Augmentin) enhance activity against resistant bacteria.
Key adverse effects of penicillins include allergic reactions, GI symptoms, and sodium overload from certain agents.

Adverse Effects Summary

General toxicities across drug classes can include GI disturbances, neurotoxicity, blood dyscrasias, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Specific monitoring required for drugs like vancomycin and aminoglycosides to prevent nephrotoxicity.
Disulfiram-like reactions may occur with alcohol consumption during certain antimicrobial therapies.

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Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts related to antimicrobials covered in the BSN3 program at AUB for the 2021-2022 academic year. It includes information about gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as anaerobes, providing essential insights for nursing students. Perfect for quick review and exam preparation.