BSM 3201 Molecular Biology Course Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the four distinctive characteristics of the DNA model proposed by Watson and Crick?

  1. DNA is a double helix with two strands connected by hydrogen bonds. 2. Most DNA helices are right-handed. 3. The helix is anti-parallel, with a 5' end pairing with the 3' end of its complementary strand. 4. The outer edges of the nitrogen-containing bases are exposed and available for hydrogen bonding.

What is the distance between base pairs in DNA, and how many base pairs comprise one helical turn?

The distance between base pairs is 0.34 nm, and one helical turn comprises 10 base pairs.

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, and how do they pair with each other?

The four nitrogenous bases are A, T, G, and C, with A pairing with T and G pairing with C.

What is the chemical composition of a single strand of DNA, and what is the role of deoxyribose?

<p>A single strand of DNA is composed of a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Deoxyribose is a 5-carbon sugar that makes up the backbone of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 5'-end and 3'-end of a DNA strand?

<p>The 5'-end and 3'-end of a DNA strand are polar, with the 5'-end having a phosphate group and the 3'-end having a hydroxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?

<p>Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases provide stability to the DNA double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Phoebus Levene propose as the chemical structure of nucleotides (DNA)?

<p>Composed of phosphates, sugar (deoxyribose), and bases (A, T, G, and C). The phosphate groups are attached to the C5 of the deoxyribose, and the distribution of bases occur in a 1:1:1:1 ratio across the DNA structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the phosphorus-containing molecule inside nuclei of human white blood cells in 1869?

<p>Friedrich Miescher</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Levene rule out DNA as the genetic material initially?

<p>He thought DNA was chemically far too simple to store any genetic code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components did Phoebus Levene identify in DNA in 1909 and 1929?

<p>Ribose in 1909, Deoxyribose in 1929.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Chargaff's rule, what is the ratio of bases (A, T, G, C) in DNA?

<p>1:1:1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by Friedrich Miescher to refer to the molecule he discovered inside human white blood cells?

<p>Nuclein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two disciplines connected by Molecular Biology?

<p>Genetics and Biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of geneticists in their research?

<p>How traits are inherited via gene segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central concept that Molecular Biology is based on?

<p>The central dogma of molecular biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery in 1953 accelerated the field of Molecular Biology?

<p>The discovery of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do molecular biologists study in the context of gene expression?

<p>Replication and expression of genes into functional RNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of biochemists in their research?

<p>How proteins influence the traits of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three course learning outcomes for BSM 3201 Molecular Biology?

<p>To differentiate different processes in cells, relate molecular biology principles with the structure and function in cells, and describe molecular biology regulation in groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the textbook written by Watson et al.?

<p>Molecular Biology of the Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the assessments scheme is allocated to the Final Exam?

<p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the learning outcome of Lecture 01: DNA as the Genetic Material?

<p>To understand the historical background leading towards the elucidation of DNA structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors of the textbook 'Fundamental Molecular Biology'?

<p>Allison, L.A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the topic of Lecture 01 in the course outline?

<p>DNA as the genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Frederick Griffith studying when he discovered bacterial transformation?

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the difference between the Smooth (S) form and Rough (R) form of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>The S form was virulent and had a polysaccharide capsule, while the R form was avirulent and had no capsule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy determine that DNA was the 'transforming principle'?

<p>By treating extracts with proteases, RNase, and DNase, and finding that only DNase destroyed the transforming substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hershey and Chase use to confirm that DNA is the genetic material?

<p>T2 bacteriophages labeled with 32P and 35S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Predict what would be observed in E. coli infected with 32P-labeled phages.

<p>The radioactivity from 32P would be found inside the E. coli cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be observed in E. coli infected with 35S-labeled phages?

<p>The radioactivity from 35S would be found outside the E. coli cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Molecular Biology BSM 3201

  • Course learning outcomes:
    • Differentiate different processes in cells
    • Relate molecular biology principles with the structure and function in cells
    • Describe molecular biology regulation in groups

Course Outline

  • Topic 1: DNA as the genetic material
  • Topic 2: Organization and importance of extrachromosomal inheritance
  • Topic 3: DNA Replication
  • Topic 4: Concepts, Components, and Mechanisms of Transcription
  • Topic 5: DNA Translation
  • Topic 6: Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Topic 7: Comparison of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Topic 8: Transposable elements
  • Topic 9: Mutation and mechanisms of DNA repair
  • Topic 10: DNA methylation

Lecture 01: DNA as the Genetic Material

  • Historical background leading towards the elucidation of DNA structure
  • Characteristics of DNA model:
    • Double helix structure with two strands connected by hydrogen bonds
    • A always pairs with T, and G pairs with C
    • Right-handed helix, except for ZDNA which is left-handed
    • Anti-parallel, with 5' end pairing with the 3' end of its complementary strand
    • Outer edges of nitrogen-containing bases are exposed for hydrogen bonding
  • Chemical components of DNA:
    • Single strand (primary structure) with double helix structure
    • 4 nitrogenous bases: A, T, G, and C
    • Polar (5'-end and 3'-end)
    • Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar)
    • Phosphate forms 2 ester bonds
    • Nitrogenous bases connected adjacently in a specific sequence
  • Formation of a nucleotide:
    • Phosphodiester bond forms the backbone
    • Ribose sugars connected by phosphodiester linkages
  • Base pairing:
    • Following Chargaff's Rule
    • A purine always matches to a pyrimidine

Definition of Molecular Biology

  • Study of the structure and function of molecules that store genetic information
  • Links genetics and biochemistry
  • Genetics: transmission of phenotype from one generation to the next via genome segregation
  • Biochemistry: effect of proteins on the phenotype of an organism within one generation
  • Molecular biology: study of how genes are replicated and expressed into functional RNA and proteins

Discovery of DNA

  • Friedrich Miescher (1869): discovered phosphorus-containing molecule inside nuclei of human white blood cells
  • Phoebus Levene (1919): identified components of DNA, including ribose and deoxyribose
  • Erwin Chargaff (1950): discovered the ratio of nucleotides in DNA
  • Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins (1950): contributed to the discovery of DNA structure
  • James Watson and Francis Crick (1953): described the double helix structure of DNA

Griffith's Experiment

  • Frederick Griffith (1879-1941): studied Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Smooth (S) form: virulent, bears a polysaccharide capsule
  • Rough (R) form: avirulent, has no capsule
  • Griffith discovered that heat-killed S strains could transform R strains into pathogenic S strains

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy's Experiment

  • Eliminated protein and RNA as the genetic material
  • Concluded that DNA is the transforming principle

Hershey and Chase's Experiment

  • Used T2 bacteriophage to confirm that DNA is the genetic material
  • Utilized 32P-labeled and 35S-labeled bacteriophages to show that only DNA enters E. coli during viral infection

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Description

Learn about the course learning outcomes, topics, and instructors for BSM 3201 Molecular Biology taught by Dr. Mas Jaffri Masarudin and Dr. Normi Yahaya at UPM. Topics include DNA as the genetic material, extrachromosomal inheritance, DNA replication, and molecular biology regulation.

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