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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the direction of the net movement of water in osmosis?
What is the direction of the net movement of water in osmosis?
What is the role of visceral linings in the body?
What is the role of visceral linings in the body?
What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes?
What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes?
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What is the result of negative feedback in the body?
What is the result of negative feedback in the body?
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What is the function of cAMP in a cell?
What is the function of cAMP in a cell?
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What is the role of aquaporins in the membrane?
What is the role of aquaporins in the membrane?
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What happens to water molecules when solution A has a higher concentration of a substance that cannot move across a semipermeable membrane?
What happens to water molecules when solution A has a higher concentration of a substance that cannot move across a semipermeable membrane?
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What is the primary function of active transport?
What is the primary function of active transport?
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What is the sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump an example of?
What is the sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump an example of?
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What type of bonding occurs when Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17)?
What type of bonding occurs when Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17)?
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What is the energy source required for active transport?
What is the energy source required for active transport?
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What occurs when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
What occurs when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
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What type of solutes can dissolve in H2O?
What type of solutes can dissolve in H2O?
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What is the effect of a decrease in pH from 8 to 7?
What is the effect of a decrease in pH from 8 to 7?
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What is the characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium?
What is the characteristic of stratified squamous epithelium?
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What type of transport involves the simultaneous transport of sodium and glucose?
What type of transport involves the simultaneous transport of sodium and glucose?
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What is a characteristic of connective tissues?
What is a characteristic of connective tissues?
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Where are triglycerides constantly synthesized and stored?
Where are triglycerides constantly synthesized and stored?
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What is responsible for the production of the rubbery matrix of cartilage?
What is responsible for the production of the rubbery matrix of cartilage?
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What is the term for the muscle that causes hairs to stand on end?
What is the term for the muscle that causes hairs to stand on end?
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What is associated with an increased bilirubin level, causing a yellowing skin discoloration?
What is associated with an increased bilirubin level, causing a yellowing skin discoloration?
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What type of connective tissue is highly vascular?
What type of connective tissue is highly vascular?
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What are the two strata of the epidermis most susceptible to cancer?
What are the two strata of the epidermis most susceptible to cancer?
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Study Notes
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA).
- They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Osmosis and Water Movement
- In osmosis, water moves from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
- This process seeks to equalize solute concentrations on both sides of a semipermeable membrane.
Visceral Linings
- Visceral linings, or serous membranes, cover organs within the body cavities, providing cushioning and reducing friction between organs.
- They secrete serous fluid for lubrication.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in Hepatocytes
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is primarily involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification in liver cells (hepatocytes).
- It also plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism.
Negative Feedback Mechanism
- Negative feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis by counteracting deviations from a set point.
- This process stabilizes physiological variables, such as body temperature and blood glucose levels.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
- cAMP functions as a secondary messenger in various cellular signaling pathways.
- It helps relay signals from hormones and neurotransmitters, influencing various cell functions.
Aquaporins
- Aquaporins are specialized protein channels that facilitate the rapid transport of water across cell membranes.
- They are crucial in cells that require efficient water balance, such as kidney and red blood cells.
Effect of Solute Concentration on Water
- When solution A has a higher concentration of a solute that cannot cross the membrane, water molecules from solution B (lower concentration) move towards solution A.
- This results in a decrease in water volume in solution B and an increase in solution A.
Active Transport
- The primary function of active transport is to move substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input, typically in the form of ATP.
- It allows for the accumulation of molecules in areas of higher concentration.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- The sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+ pump) is a classic example of active transport.
- It maintains cellular ion gradients by expelling Na+ from the cell while bringing K+ in.
Ionic Bonding
- When sodium (Na) reacts with chlorine (Cl), ionic bonding occurs due to the transfer of electrons, which forms Na+ and Cl- ions.
Energy Source for Active Transport
- Active transport requires energy, usually derived from ATP hydrolysis, to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Hypertonic Solutions and Red Blood Cells
- Placing a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution leads to water moving out of the cell, causing it to shrink (crenate).
Solubility in Water
- Solutes that can dissolve in water include ionic compounds and polar molecules due to water's polar nature.
- Nonpolar substances typically do not dissolve well in water.
pH Levels and Acidity
- A decrease in pH from 8 to 7 indicates an increase in acidity, as pH is a logarithmic scale measuring hydrogen ion concentration.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, providing protection against abrasion and chemical exposure.
- Commonly found in areas subjected to wear, such as the skin and the lining of the mouth.
Simultaneous Transport
- The transport that simultaneously moves sodium and glucose is known as secondary active transport or symport.
- This process exploits the sodium gradient established by active transport.
Connective Tissue Characteristics
- Connective tissues typically have a rich blood supply, with the exception of cartilage, and are characterized by a diverse extracellular matrix.
- They provide support, insulation, and nutrient storage.
Triglyceride Synthesis and Storage
- Triglycerides are primarily synthesized and stored in adipose (fat) tissue and the liver.
- They serve as a major energy reserve in the body.
Cartilage Matrix Production
- Chondrocytes are responsible for producing the rubbery extracellular matrix of cartilage.
- This matrix provides structure and flexibility to cartilage tissue.
Arrector Pili Muscles
- Arrector pili muscles are small muscles that cause hairs to stand on end in response to cold or fear, known as piloerection.
Bilirubin and Skin Discoloration
- Elevated bilirubin levels, often linked to liver dysfunction, can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.
Vascularity of Connective Tissue
- Loose connective tissue is highly vascular, containing a rich supply of blood vessels.
- This facilitates nutrient and waste exchange.
Epidermis and Cancer Susceptibility
- The stratum basale and stratum spinosum of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer, as they contain the actively dividing cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge of anatomy and physiology with this 50-question multiple-choice quiz covering Atlas A and B, Chapters 1-3, 5, and 6. Topics include cell structure, anatomical planes, and organ functions.
