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Which of the following are common sources of Brucella infection in animals?
Which of the following are common sources of Brucella infection in animals?
What is the survival time of Brucella in water at 25°C?
What is the survival time of Brucella in water at 25°C?
Which species of Brucella is primarily associated with sheep and goats?
Which species of Brucella is primarily associated with sheep and goats?
Which of these methods is NOT a common transmission route for Brucella?
Which of these methods is NOT a common transmission route for Brucella?
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Which Brucella species is known to infect dogs and other canids?
Which Brucella species is known to infect dogs and other canids?
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What is the primary natural host for B.abortus?
What is the primary natural host for B.abortus?
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Which subtype of B.melitensis is reported to be more common?
Which subtype of B.melitensis is reported to be more common?
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What condition is associated with Brucella localization in male animals?
What condition is associated with Brucella localization in male animals?
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What is the primary host for the disease brucellosis?
What is the primary host for the disease brucellosis?
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Which of the following symptoms is typically associated with human infection of brucellosis?
Which of the following symptoms is typically associated with human infection of brucellosis?
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What does the presence of erythritol in the uterus stimulate in infected animals?
What does the presence of erythritol in the uterus stimulate in infected animals?
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What is a common outcome for young animals infected with brucellosis?
What is a common outcome for young animals infected with brucellosis?
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Which Brucella species is more associated with the presence of Protein M?
Which Brucella species is more associated with the presence of Protein M?
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What term describes the lifelong condition of infection in animals that carry Brucella?
What term describes the lifelong condition of infection in animals that carry Brucella?
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Sir David Bruce isolated the causative agent of brucellosis from a shipment of what kind of livestock?
Sir David Bruce isolated the causative agent of brucellosis from a shipment of what kind of livestock?
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Brucellosis is often referred to as what in a human context?
Brucellosis is often referred to as what in a human context?
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What is the likely outcome for a cow that has aborted due to Brucellosis?
What is the likely outcome for a cow that has aborted due to Brucellosis?
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During which stage of brucellosis is serological diagnosis most effective?
During which stage of brucellosis is serological diagnosis most effective?
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What is a common clinical sign of brucellosis in bulls?
What is a common clinical sign of brucellosis in bulls?
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What condition must be present in a cattle herd for a storm of abortion to occur?
What condition must be present in a cattle herd for a storm of abortion to occur?
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What distinguishes Brucella melitensis as a significant public health concern?
What distinguishes Brucella melitensis as a significant public health concern?
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What percentage of cows with Brucellosis may experience residual sterility after abortion?
What percentage of cows with Brucellosis may experience residual sterility after abortion?
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What indicates an acute stage of brucellosis in pregnant animals?
What indicates an acute stage of brucellosis in pregnant animals?
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What is a characteristic feature of the aborted fetus in brucellosis cases?
What is a characteristic feature of the aborted fetus in brucellosis cases?
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What is a characteristic symptom of brucellosis in humans?
What is a characteristic symptom of brucellosis in humans?
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Which treatment regimen is considered the drug of choice for human brucellosis?
Which treatment regimen is considered the drug of choice for human brucellosis?
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Which of the following is a complication of brucellosis in untreated patients?
Which of the following is a complication of brucellosis in untreated patients?
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What is one reason brucella infections are difficult to control?
What is one reason brucella infections are difficult to control?
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Which type of vaccine is used for brucellosis control in livestock?
Which type of vaccine is used for brucellosis control in livestock?
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In the differential diagnosis of late-term abortions in sheep and goats, which bacterial infection is included?
In the differential diagnosis of late-term abortions in sheep and goats, which bacterial infection is included?
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What is the recommended method for controlling brucellosis spread among livestock?
What is the recommended method for controlling brucellosis spread among livestock?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the persistence of brucella in the environment?
Which of the following factors contributes to the persistence of brucella in the environment?
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Study Notes
Brucellosis
- Brucellosis is a significant health and economic concern affecting various animal species and can be transmitted to humans.
- It's a zoonotic disease, prevalent globally.
- Historically, the disease was linked to soldiers experiencing fluctuating fever and profuse sweating. Soldiers were often exposed to infected sheep.
- The causative agent, identified by Sir David Bruce in 1886, was isolated from affected soldiers.
Synonyms
- Animal: Contagious abortion, Bang's Disease
- Human: Mediterranean fever, Undulant fever, Malta fever
Etiology
- Small, gram-negative, coccobacillary, non-motile bacteria.
- Facultative intracellular pathogens, making diagnosis and control challenging.
- Multiplies in the uterus, potentially becoming latent, triggering abortion in late pregnancy.
- The bacteria can be in secretions and excretions, hence becoming carriers.
- Key differences in the proportion of antigens (A and M) differentiate various Brucella species.
Pathogenesis in animals
- Brucella infection initially involves lymph nodes, followed by bloodstream invasion.
- In some cases, septicemia (blood poisoning) and fever may result, especially in sheep and goats.
- Localization can occur in the testes, epididymis, joints (leading to hygromas).
- Pregnant females commonly experience abortion with retained placenta.
- The bacteria can persist in the animal's reproductive system and spread to secretions and excretions.
Pathogenesis in humans
- Humans typically acquire Brucellosis by consuming infected animal products or through direct contact.
- Chronic infection may involve multiple organ systems.
- Characteristically, chronic cases are typically sub-clinical but can still be infectious.
Clinical Signs
- Animals: abortion, retained fetus, inflammation in reproductive organs
- Humans: chronic, intermittent fever, headache, arthralgia, and fatigue.
- Without treatment, extensive organ damage may occur.
Diagnosis
- Serological tests (e.g., Brucellin test) are essential for detecting the presence of antibodies, indicative of prior or current infection, and can be used to distinguish latent infections from active brucellosis.
Control
- Vaccination is used to prevent infection in susceptible animals. There are various live and killed vaccines available for different species.
- Strict animal handling and hygiene protocols, including minimizing contact with infected animals, are critical to disease control.
- Thorough testing and slaughtering of affected/positive/suspected animals is vital to minimize dissemination.
Differential Diagnosis
- Many diseases cause abortion; distinguishing Brucellosis requires careful consideration of clinical history, epidemiological data, and relevant testing.
Transmission
- Direct contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated biological material, inhalation of aerosols, is a key transmission route.
Brucellosis Species
- Various subtypes of Brucella exist, affecting different species.
- Key animal hosts include cattle, sheep, goats, swine, and dogs, while certain subtypes might affect larger or wild animals.
Susceptible Hosts
- Most warm-blooded animals can be affected, including those routinely raised for food or other commercial purposes.
- Different Brucella species have different predispositions affecting certain species, though they can affect many types of mammals.
Sources of Infection
- Infected animal products (e.g., milk, meat, and unsterilized products) are commonly associated with transmission.
- Environmental contamination with infected secretions and excretions, and from infected animal hosts, can lead to cross-species contact.
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Description
This quiz explores the zoonotic disease brucellosis, its impact on animal and human health, and its historical context. Learn about its etiology, transmission, and the challenges involved in diagnosing and controlling this significant disease.
