50 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a component of Levinson's Model of Social Competence?
Enactment of response
What is the approximate number of phonemes distinctive to English?
36-42
At what age do infants typically start learning 5-6 new words a day?
18-24 months
What is the approximate adult vocabulary size in words?
30,000-40,000
Which of the following is NOT a component of language development?
Phonology
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by an ethics of peer opinion?
Interpersonal normative morality
According to Gilligan's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by an integration of needs of self, others, and what's right?
Integrated care
Which category of theories of biological aging focuses on processes that take place in the breakdown of cells, tissues, and organs?
Cellular or variable rate theories
Which theory of successful aging emphasizes active participation in social roles?
Activity theory
Which reflex involves the baby's head turning to the side of the cheek being stroked and the mouth opening ready to feed?
Rooting reflex
According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, which of the following is an example of the mesosystem?
Neighborhood play area
According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Activities a child can almost perform with guidance
According to the Goodness of Fit Model, success at maintaining high levels of caregiver-infant synchrony is related to the goodness of fit between their:
Characteristics of babies
Which of the following is an example of the exosystem according to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory?
Workplace environments
According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the main function of scaffolding?
To provide support and structure
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory includes which of the following systems?
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
According to the text, what does the term 'social clock' refer to?
Cultural and generational differences in expectations
According to the Goodness of Fit Model, what are the two factors that need to have a good fit between the caregiver and infant?
Characteristics of babies and needs of babies
According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent?
Activities a child can almost perform with guidance
According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, which of the following is an example of the macrosystem?
Customs and laws of society
Which type of play involves children playing alone with different toys/objects and with no awareness of or involvement with other children?
Solitary play
Which type of play involves the child watching others play without actually entering into the activities, but being clearly involved with what is happening and usually within speaking distance of the participants?
Onlooker play
Which type of play involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often with the same toys or similar activity, but they do not share, talk, or interact?
Parallel play
Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?
Associative play
Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?
Cooperative play
Which type of play is characterized by children playing alone with different toys/objects and having no awareness of or involvement with other children?
Solitary play
Which type of play involves children watching others play without actually entering into the activities, but being clearly involved with what is happening and usually within speaking distance of the participants?
Onlooker play
Which type of play involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often with the same toys or similar activity, but they do not share, talk, or interact?
Parallel play
Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?
Associative play
Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?
Cooperative play
Which of the following is NOT a personality dimension?
Gender typing
What is the process of acquiring gender-consistent behaviors called?
Gender typing
What is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others called?
Theory of mind
What is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills called?
Intelligence
What is the pragmatic approach to ambiguous problems called, where formal operations are used as a problem-solving tool?
Post-formal thinking
Which type of intelligence involves learned processes and remains relatively stable with age?
Crystallized intelligence
What is the systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old called?
Ageism
What does successful aging refer to?
Maintaining psychological adjustment and well-being
What does bereavement involve?
Acceptance and understanding of death
What is the ability to integrate new and old knowledge called?
Fluid intelligence
According to Grusec and Lytton's typology, which type of play involves manipulation of objects in order to construct something?
Constructive play
Which parenting style is characterized by high demandingness and high responsiveness, and is associated with positive outcomes such as higher self-esteem, social competence, and academic achievement?
Authoritative parenting
What is the term used to describe the patterns of attachment behavior in infants?
Attachment
Which pattern of attachment behavior is characterized by seeking mother's contact/comfort after being left alone with a stranger, cooperating better with parents, and adapting better to preschool changes?
Secure attachment
Which parenting style is characterized by high demandingness and low responsiveness, and may lead to obedience but with lower self-esteem and social competence?
Authoritarian parenting
Which parenting style is characterized by low demandingness and high responsiveness, and may lead to impulsivity and lower academic achievement?
Permissive parenting
Which parenting style is characterized by low demandingness and low responsiveness, and is associated with negative outcomes such as behavioral problems and low self-esteem?
Uninvolved parenting
What is attachment characterized by?
Reciprocal affection and a shared desire to maintain physical and emotional closeness
Which pattern of attachment behavior is characterized by being intensely upset when with a stranger, actively seeking contact with mother but refusing comfort, and responding with anger to parents' attempts to help/teach them?
Anxious Resistant attachment
What is pretend play characterized by?
Substituting make-believe, imaginary, and dramatic situations for real ones
Study Notes
Language Development
- Approximate number of phonemes distinctive to English: 44
- Infants typically start learning 5-6 new words a day at around 18 months old
- Approximate adult vocabulary size: 20,000-50,000 words
Moral Development
- Kohlberg's theory: Stage 4 is characterized by an ethics of peer opinion
- Gilligan's theory: Stage 3 is characterized by an integration of needs of self, others, and what's right
Biological Aging
- Category of theories: Wear and tear theory focuses on processes that take place in the breakdown of cells, tissues, and organs
- Successful aging theory: Emphasizes active participation in social roles
Infant Reflexes
- Rooting reflex: Baby's head turns to the side of the cheek being stroked and the mouth opens ready to feed
Ecological Systems Theory
- Mesosystem: Example is the interaction between home and school
- Exosystem: Example is the community center's influence on the parent's behavior
- Macrosystem: Example is the cultural values that influence the community center
Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The range of knowledge and understanding that an individual can achieve with guidance
- Scaffolding: The main function is to provide guidance and support to help individuals reach their full potential
Goodness of Fit Model
- Success at maintaining high levels of caregiver-infant synchrony is related to the goodness of fit between their temperaments
- Two factors that need to have a good fit: Caregiver's and infant's temperaments
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
- Includes five systems: Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
Social Clock
- Refers to the social norms and expectations surrounding age-related events and milestones
Play Types
- Solitary play: Playing alone with different toys/objects and no awareness of or involvement with other children
- Onlooker behavior: Watching others play without entering into the activities
- Parallel play: Playing side by side with an awareness of each other, often with the same toys or similar activity
- Associative play: Engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other
- Cooperative play: Consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation
Personality Dimensions
- The excluded option is not a personality dimension: Grit
Intelligence
- Pragmatic approach to ambiguous problems: Formal operations are used as a problem-solving tool
- Crystallized intelligence: Involves learned processes and remains relatively stable with age
Aging
- Ageism: Systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old
- Successful aging: Maintaining physical and cognitive function, and engaging in social and productive activities
- Bereavement: Involves coping with the loss of a loved one
Test your knowledge of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory and the Goodness of Fit model with this quiz! Explore the different levels of the theory, from the microsystem to the macrosystem, and understand how they all interact to shape a child's development.
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