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Questions and Answers
Which structure does not decreases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?
Which structure does not decreases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?
- Glands/secretory cells
- Cilia
- Epithelium
- Smooth muscle (correct)
What structure increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?
What structure increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?
- Epithelium
- Glands/secretory cells
- Cilia
- Smooth muscle (correct)
Which structure contributes to the dispensability of lung parenchyma?
Which structure contributes to the dispensability of lung parenchyma?
- Elastic fiber (correct)
- Cilia
- Cartilage
- Epithelium
What is the volume that enters and leaves with each breath, from normal quiet inspiration to normal quiet expiration called?
What is the volume that enters and leaves with each breath, from normal quiet inspiration to normal quiet expiration called?
What is the extra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume called?
What is the extra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume called?
What is the extra volume that can be expired below tidal volume called?
What is the extra volume that can be expired below tidal volume called?
What is the volume remaining after maximum expiration called?
What is the volume remaining after maximum expiration called?
What is the volume that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration called?
What is the volume that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration called?
What is the volume breathed in from quiet expiration to maximum inspiration called?
What is the volume breathed in from quiet expiration to maximum inspiration called?
What is the volume remaining after quiet expiration called?
What is the volume remaining after quiet expiration called?
What mechanism of defense changes for cilia into the lung?
What mechanism of defense changes for cilia into the lung?
What structure increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?
What structure increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?
Which of the following best describes total lung capacity?
Which of the following best describes total lung capacity?
What is the term for the volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume?
What is the term for the volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume?
What is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration?
What is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration?
Which volume does not participate in gas exchange in the lungs?
Which volume does not participate in gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the total volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange?
What is the total volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange?
What is the term for the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per unit time?
What is the term for the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per unit time?
How do you calculate minute ventilation?
How do you calculate minute ventilation?
What does alveolar ventilation refer to?
What does alveolar ventilation refer to?
How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?
How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?
Which of the following is true about obstructive lung disease?
Which of the following is true about obstructive lung disease?
What does a lower ratio of FEV1 to FVC indicate?
What does a lower ratio of FEV1 to FVC indicate?
Which muscle is the most important inspiratory muscle?
Which muscle is the most important inspiratory muscle?
What happens to intrathoracic pressure during inspiration?
What happens to intrathoracic pressure during inspiration?
What law describes the relationship between gas volume and pressure and states that as the volume available to a gas increases, the gas pressure decreases.?
What law describes the relationship between gas volume and pressure and states that as the volume available to a gas increases, the gas pressure decreases.?
What is true about restrictive lung disease?
What is true about restrictive lung disease?
Which of the following can assist during exercise?
Which of the following can assist during exercise?
What does a higher ratio of FEV1 to FVC suggest?
What does a higher ratio of FEV1 to FVC suggest?
Which of the following describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?
Which of the following describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?
What is the relationship between lung compliance and elastic properties?
What is the relationship between lung compliance and elastic properties?
What is distensibility?
What is distensibility?
What provides potential energy for forcing air out of the lungs during expiration?
What provides potential energy for forcing air out of the lungs during expiration?
What is the term for the difference in inflation and deflation curves in the air-filled lung?
What is the term for the difference in inflation and deflation curves in the air-filled lung?
What is required to determine lung compliance?
What is required to determine lung compliance?
Where is the equilibrium position of the combined system located?
Where is the equilibrium position of the combined system located?
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during a pneumothorax?
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during a pneumothorax?
What happens to the lungs and chest wall during inspiration?
What happens to the lungs and chest wall during inspiration?
What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during forced expiration?
What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during forced expiration?
What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during inspiration?
What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during inspiration?
What happens to the expanding force on the chest wall during forced expiration?
What happens to the expanding force on the chest wall during forced expiration?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between lung compliance and slope of the volume-pressure curve?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between lung compliance and slope of the volume-pressure curve?
What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during forced expiration?
What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during forced expiration?
Which lung disease is characterized by increased lung compliance and loss of elastic fibers in the lungs?
Which lung disease is characterized by increased lung compliance and loss of elastic fibers in the lungs?
Which lung disease is characterized by stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance?
Which lung disease is characterized by stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance?
Compared to normal, which lung disease is associated with a higher functional residual capacity (FRC)?
Compared to normal, which lung disease is associated with a higher functional residual capacity (FRC)?
Which of the following statements is true about the Law of Laplace?
Which of the following statements is true about the Law of Laplace?
According to Poiseuille's law, which factor has the most powerful effect on airway resistance?
According to Poiseuille's law, which factor has the most powerful effect on airway resistance?
Which of the following is true about airflow and resistance in the airways?
Which of the following is true about airflow and resistance in the airways?
Which part of the bronchopulmonary tree has the highest resistance?
Which part of the bronchopulmonary tree has the highest resistance?
Which of the following is true about the relationship between lung compliance and the work of expanding the lungs during inspiration?
Which of the following is true about the relationship between lung compliance and the work of expanding the lungs during inspiration?
Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?
Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?
According to Poiseuille's law, which of the following factors affects airway resistance?
According to Poiseuille's law, which of the following factors affects airway resistance?
During inspiration, what happens to intrapleural pressure?
During inspiration, what happens to intrapleural pressure?
What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration?
What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration?
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Study Notes
Bronchopulmonary Tree Structure
- Cartilage does not decrease distally in the bronchopulmonary tree
- The number of bronchial branches increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree
Lung Volumes
- Tidal volume (TV) is the volume that enters and leaves with each breath, from normal quiet inspiration to normal quiet expiration
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the extra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the extra volume that can be expired below tidal volume
- Residual volume (RV) is the volume remaining after maximum expiration
- Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the volume that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration
- Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume breathed in from quiet expiration to maximum inspiration
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume remaining after quiet expiration
Defense Mechanisms
- The mucociliary escalator defense mechanism changes for cilia into the lung
Lung Capacity
- Total lung capacity (TLC) is the total volume of air in the lungs
- Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the term for the volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume
- Residual volume (RV) is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
- Dead space is the volume that does not participate in gas exchange in the lungs
- Anatomical dead space is the total volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange
Ventilation
- Minute ventilation (MV) is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per unit time
- MV is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by respiratory rate
- Alveolar ventilation (VA) is the volume of air that participates in gas exchange
- VA is calculated by subtracting dead space from tidal volume and multiplying by respiratory rate
Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Diseases
- Obstructive lung disease is characterized by a lower ratio of FEV1 to FVC
- Restrictive lung disease is characterized by stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance
- The diaphragm is the most important inspiratory muscle
- Intrathoracic pressure decreases during inspiration
Gas Laws
- Boyle's law states that as the volume available to a gas increases, the gas pressure decreases
- The diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles assist during exercise
Surfactant and Lung Compliance
- Surfactant reduces the surface tension of water in the alveoli
- Lung compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand and is related to the elastic properties of the lungs
- Distensibility is the ability of the lungs to expand and is related to the elastic properties of the lungs
- The elastic force of the lungs provides potential energy for forcing air out of the lungs during expiration
Lung Mechanics
- Hysteresis is the difference in inflation and deflation curves in the air-filled lung
- Lung compliance is required to determine lung compliance
- The equilibrium position of the combined system is located at the functional residual capacity (FRC)
- Intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure during a pneumothorax
- The lungs and chest wall expand during inspiration
- The elastic force of the lungs decreases during forced expiration and increases during inspiration
- The expanding force on the chest wall decreases during forced expiration
Lung Disease
- Emphysema is characterized by increased lung compliance and loss of elastic fibers in the lungs
- Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a higher functional residual capacity (FRC) compared to normal
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