Lung volumes and Mechanics. lecture 1 systems exam 2
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Questions and Answers

Which structure does not decreases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?

  • Glands/secretory cells
  • Cilia
  • Epithelium
  • Smooth muscle (correct)

    • What structure increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?

  • Epithelium
  • Glands/secretory cells
  • Cilia
  • Smooth muscle (correct)

    • Which structure contributes to the dispensability of lung parenchyma?

  • Elastic fiber (correct)
  • Cilia
  • Cartilage
  • Epithelium

    • What is the volume that enters and leaves with each breath, from normal quiet inspiration to normal quiet expiration called?

    <p>Tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume called?

    <p>Inspiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extra volume that can be expired below tidal volume called?

    <p>Expiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume remaining after maximum expiration called?

    <p>Residual volume/reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration called?

    <p>Vital capacity/forced vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume breathed in from quiet expiration to maximum inspiration called?

    <p>Inspiratory capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume remaining after quiet expiration called?

    <p>Functional residual capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of defense changes for cilia into the lung?

    <p>from mucociliary to Cellular defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes total lung capacity?

    <p>The volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume?

    <p>Inspiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration?

    <p>Residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volume does not participate in gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange?

    <p>Physiologic dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per unit time?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate minute ventilation?

    <p>Tidal volume multiplied by breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does alveolar ventilation refer to?

    <p>How much air is participating in gas exchange per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Tidal volume minus dead space multiplied by breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about obstructive lung disease?

    <p>FEV1 and FVC are both lower compared to normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lower ratio of FEV1 to FVC indicate?

    <p>Obstructive lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the most important inspiratory muscle?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to intrathoracic pressure during inspiration?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What law describes the relationship between gas volume and pressure and states that as the volume available to a gas increases, the gas pressure decreases.?

    <p>Boyle's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about restrictive lung disease?

    <p>The ration between FEV1 and FVC is higher than normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can assist during exercise?

    <p>External intercostals and accessory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher ratio of FEV1 to FVC suggest?

    <p>Restrictive lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>Surfactant decreases surface tension in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between lung compliance and elastic properties?

    <p>Lung compliance is inversely correlated with elastic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distensibility?

    <p>The ability of the lungs to stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides potential energy for forcing air out of the lungs during expiration?

    <p>Elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the difference in inflation and deflation curves in the air-filled lung?

    <p>Hysteresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to determine lung compliance?

    <p>Measurement of pressure and volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the equilibrium position of the combined system located?

    <p>At functional residual capacity (FRC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intrapleural pressure during a pneumothorax?

    <p>It becomes zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lungs and chest wall during inspiration?

    <p>Lungs expand and chest wall collapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during forced expiration?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the expanding force on the chest wall during forced expiration?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between lung compliance and slope of the volume-pressure curve?

    <p>Steeper slope = more compliance lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the elastic force of the lungs during forced expiration?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung disease is characterized by increased lung compliance and loss of elastic fibers in the lungs?

    <p>Emphysema (obstructive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung disease is characterized by stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance?

    <p>Fibrosis (restrictive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to normal, which lung disease is associated with a higher functional residual capacity (FRC)?

    <p>Emphysema (obstructive)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the Law of Laplace?

    <p>Surfactant decreases surface tension, allowing for smaller alveoli and greater surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Poiseuille's law, which factor has the most powerful effect on airway resistance?

    <p>Radius of the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about airflow and resistance in the airways?

    <p>Airflow is inversely proportional to the resistance of the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the bronchopulmonary tree has the highest resistance?

    <p>Medium-sized bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between lung compliance and the work of expanding the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>Lung compliance increases, reducing the work of expanding the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>Surfactant decreases surface tension, allowing for smaller alveoli and greater surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Poiseuille's law, which of the following factors affects airway resistance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration, what happens to intrapleural pressure?

    <p>It becomes even more negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration?

    <p>It becomes positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bronchopulmonary Tree Structure

    • Cartilage does not decrease distally in the bronchopulmonary tree
    • The number of bronchial branches increases distally in the bronchopulmonary tree

    Lung Volumes

    • Tidal volume (TV) is the volume that enters and leaves with each breath, from normal quiet inspiration to normal quiet expiration
    • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the extra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume
    • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the extra volume that can be expired below tidal volume
    • Residual volume (RV) is the volume remaining after maximum expiration
    • Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the volume that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration
    • Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume breathed in from quiet expiration to maximum inspiration
    • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume remaining after quiet expiration

    Defense Mechanisms

    • The mucociliary escalator defense mechanism changes for cilia into the lung

    Lung Capacity

    • Total lung capacity (TLC) is the total volume of air in the lungs
    • Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the term for the volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume
    • Residual volume (RV) is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
    • Dead space is the volume that does not participate in gas exchange in the lungs
    • Anatomical dead space is the total volume of the lungs that does not participate in gas exchange

    Ventilation

    • Minute ventilation (MV) is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per unit time
    • MV is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by respiratory rate
    • Alveolar ventilation (VA) is the volume of air that participates in gas exchange
    • VA is calculated by subtracting dead space from tidal volume and multiplying by respiratory rate

    Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Diseases

    • Obstructive lung disease is characterized by a lower ratio of FEV1 to FVC
    • Restrictive lung disease is characterized by stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance
    • The diaphragm is the most important inspiratory muscle
    • Intrathoracic pressure decreases during inspiration

    Gas Laws

    • Boyle's law states that as the volume available to a gas increases, the gas pressure decreases
    • The diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles assist during exercise

    Surfactant and Lung Compliance

    • Surfactant reduces the surface tension of water in the alveoli
    • Lung compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand and is related to the elastic properties of the lungs
    • Distensibility is the ability of the lungs to expand and is related to the elastic properties of the lungs
    • The elastic force of the lungs provides potential energy for forcing air out of the lungs during expiration

    Lung Mechanics

    • Hysteresis is the difference in inflation and deflation curves in the air-filled lung
    • Lung compliance is required to determine lung compliance
    • The equilibrium position of the combined system is located at the functional residual capacity (FRC)
    • Intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure during a pneumothorax
    • The lungs and chest wall expand during inspiration
    • The elastic force of the lungs decreases during forced expiration and increases during inspiration
    • The expanding force on the chest wall decreases during forced expiration

    Lung Disease

    • Emphysema is characterized by increased lung compliance and loss of elastic fibers in the lungs
    • Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by stiffening of lung tissues and decreased lung compliance
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a higher functional residual capacity (FRC) compared to normal

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomical changes in the respiratory system as you move distally through the bronchopulmonary tree. Explore the variations in epithelium thickness, cilia density, gland distribution, cartilage presence, and smooth muscle abundance. Discover how these changes contribute to the defense mechanisms and modulation of airway diameter.

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