Questions and Answers
What is the primary feature of bronchial asthma?
Which type of asthma is more common in children and young individuals?
In which type of asthma is a family history of asthma or atopic disease typically present?
What is the typical serum IgE level in patients with intrinsic asthma?
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Which of the following is considered a precursor to asthma in extrinsic cases?
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What common triggers are associated with intrinsic asthma?
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Which age group is predominantly affected by intrinsic asthma?
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What is the prognosis for patients with intrinsic asthma compared to extrinsic asthma?
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What is the main consequence of mast cell degranulation during the early phase of an allergic response?
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Which mediators are primarily involved in the late phase of an allergic response?
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In the early phase of asthma, which change results from increased vascular permeability?
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What causes damage to the surface epithelium during the late phase of asthma?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of airway remodeling in asthma?
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What role do eosinophils play in the late phase of asthma?
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Which of the following conditions typically occurs within 30-60 minutes after allergen exposure?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the early phase of an allergic response in asthma?
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Study Notes
Definition of Bronchial Asthma
- Chronic inflammatory disease affecting airways, characterized by recurrent episodes of bronchoconstriction.
- Involves airway hyper-responsiveness due to various stimuli.
- Classified as an obstructive pulmonary disease.
Etiology/Types of Asthma
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Extrinsic asthma:
- More common, primarily affects children and young adults.
- Associated with a family history of asthma or atopic diseases.
- Linked to preceding allergic illnesses and elevated serum IgE levels.
- Triggers include inhaled allergens (house dust, animal dander, pollen).
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Intrinsic asthma:
- Less common, can occur at any age, mostly in adults.
- Family history of asthma is typically absent.
- No preceding atopic illnesses, normal serum IgE levels.
- Triggers include infections, cold exposure, physical activity, emotions, and irritants.
Pathogenesis of Extrinsic Asthma
- First-time allergen exposure activates macrophages, presenting to CD4 T cells.
- CD4 T2 cells stimulate B lymphocytes to produce specific IgE.
- IgE binds to mast cells, leading to degranulation upon re-exposure.
- Histamine and mediators released from mast cells cause early-phase asthma manifestations.
Phases of Asthma
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Early Phase:
- Onset occurs within 30-60 minutes after allergen exposure.
- Mediators involved: Histamine, Leukotrienes, and Platelet activating factor.
- Effects include vasodilation, edema from increased permeability, bronchospasm, and increased mucus secretion.
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Late Phase:
- Onset occurs hours (5-6 hours) after exposure.
- Mediators include IL4, IL5, IL13, and Major basic protein.
- Effects include eosinophil and mast cell attraction, epithelial damage, and exposure of vagal nerve endings.
Airway Remodeling
- Increased mucus production leading to luminal plugs in small airways.
- Goblet cell hyperplasia and thickened basement membranes in surface epithelium.
- Smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, along with mucous gland hyperplasia in airway walls.
- Presence of eosinophils and Curschmann spirals as eosinophilic-derived substances.
Microscopic Examination Findings
- Notable changes include airway remodeling, highlighting the structural and cellular alterations within the airways due to chronic inflammation and repeated asthma attacks.
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Description
This quiz explores the pathology of bronchial asthma, covering definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, and the phases of the disease. Participants will also learn about airway remodeling and sputum examination. Ideal for students studying advanced pathology.
