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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which type of asthma is primarily triggered by allergens such as molds and pollens?
Which type of asthma is primarily triggered by allergens such as molds and pollens?
- Atopic asthma (correct)
- Eosinophilic asthma
- Seasonal asthma
- Non-allergic asthma
What is the primary function of short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) in asthma management?
What is the primary function of short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) in asthma management?
- Prevent asthma symptoms from occurring
- Desensitize the immune response to allergens
- Reduce airway inflammation
- Relieve immediate symptoms like wheezing (correct)
Which factor is NOT a typical trigger for asthma symptoms?
Which factor is NOT a typical trigger for asthma symptoms?
- Allergens
- Respiratory infections
- Stress
- Excessive hydration (correct)
Adult-onset asthma develops after which age?
Adult-onset asthma develops after which age?
What is the primary characteristic of eosinophilic asthma?
What is the primary characteristic of eosinophilic asthma?
Which type of asthma may be triggered by specific workplace exposures?
Which type of asthma may be triggered by specific workplace exposures?
Which medication class is used to prevent asthma symptoms by reducing airway inflammation?
Which medication class is used to prevent asthma symptoms by reducing airway inflammation?
Bronchial asthma is primarily characterized by episodes of which symptoms?
Bronchial asthma is primarily characterized by episodes of which symptoms?
What is the primary mechanism by which oral corticosteroids alleviate asthma symptoms?
What is the primary mechanism by which oral corticosteroids alleviate asthma symptoms?
Which medication is effective in blocking the action of leukotrienes to help manage asthma?
Which medication is effective in blocking the action of leukotrienes to help manage asthma?
What lifestyle modification is essential for effective asthma management?
What lifestyle modification is essential for effective asthma management?
What is the role of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in asthma treatment?
What is the role of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in asthma treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for asthma symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for asthma symptoms?
What is the primary benefit of bronchial thermoplasty for asthma patients?
What is the primary benefit of bronchial thermoplasty for asthma patients?
What is the purpose of spirometry in the assessment of asthma?
What is the purpose of spirometry in the assessment of asthma?
What approach can help reduce exposure to asthma triggers at home?
What approach can help reduce exposure to asthma triggers at home?
What is typically observed in the FEV1/FVC ratio of adults with asthma?
What is typically observed in the FEV1/FVC ratio of adults with asthma?
What improvement in FEV1 after administering a bronchodilator supports the diagnosis of asthma?
What improvement in FEV1 after administering a bronchodilator supports the diagnosis of asthma?
Which test is most useful to assess airway inflammation in asthma management?
Which test is most useful to assess airway inflammation in asthma management?
The Methacholine Challenge Test is primarily used for what purpose?
The Methacholine Challenge Test is primarily used for what purpose?
What indicates a positive result in a Skin Prick Test for allergies?
What indicates a positive result in a Skin Prick Test for allergies?
What does a high level of IgE antibodies indicate in the context of asthma?
What does a high level of IgE antibodies indicate in the context of asthma?
What is the purpose of conducting a Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Measurement?
What is the purpose of conducting a Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Measurement?
Which of the following imaging techniques can assist in diagnosing asthma?
Which of the following imaging techniques can assist in diagnosing asthma?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Bronchial Asthma
- A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
- Characterized by episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing
- Symptoms are often triggered by allergens, respiratory infections, or other stimuli
- Severity varies from mild to life-threatening
- The airways become inflamed and constricted, making it difficult to breathe
- Managed with a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and trigger avoidance
- No cure for the condition
- Caused by participation of mast cells, eosinophils, and T-lymphocytes, which release inflammatory mediators
- Inflammation of the respiratory passages causes hyperreactivity, bronchial obstruction, and respiratory symptoms
Types of Bronchial Asthma
- Atopic Asthma/ Allergic Asthma:
- Classical IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and allergen sensitization
- Associated with a history of allergies
- Triggered by allergens like molds, pollens, and pet dander
- Non-Allergic Asthma
- Triggered by exercise, stress, illness, or weather
- Occupational Asthma
- Caused by workplace exposure
- Seasonal Asthma
- Occurs at different times of the year due to weather changes
- Pediatric (Childhood) Asthma
- Often starts before age 5 and can occur in infants and toddlers
- Some children may outgrow it
- Adult-Onset Asthma
- Develops after the age of 18
- Eosinophilic Asthma
- Caused by high levels of eosinophils in the airways
Medical Management
- Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs)
- Used to relieve immediate symptoms like wheezing and breathlessness
- Relax smooth muscles in the airways, allowing for easier breathing
- Example: albuterol
- Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS)
- Prevent symptoms by reducing airway inflammation
- Suppress the production of inflammatory cells and cytokines
- Example: fluticasone
- Combination Inhalers
- Contain both a SABA and an ICS
- Provide immediate and long-lasting relief
- Example: Advair or Bricanyl Duo
- Oral Corticosteroids
- For severe asthma exacerbations
- Reduce inflammation in the airways and provide rapid relief
- Example: prednisone
- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
- Block the action of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators involved in asthma
- Example: montelukast
- Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors
- Inhibit the breakdown of cyclic AMP (cAMP), a signaling molecule involved with smooth muscle relaxation in the airways
- Example: roflumilast
- Mast Cell Stabilizers
- Stabilize mast cells and prevent the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators
- Example: cromolyn sodium
Lifestyle Modification
- Avoiding Triggers
- Identifying and avoiding triggers that worsen asthma symptoms is crucial
- Examples: allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, cold air, exercise, certain medications
- Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle
- Balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep are important for managing asthma
- Smoking Cessation
- Smoking is a major risk factor for asthma and exacerbations
- Environmental Control
- Measures like air purifiers, regular cleaning, and dust-mite-proof bedding can reduce exposure to allergens and irritants
Surgical Management
- Bronchial Thermoplasty
- An invasive procedure for severe asthma that is not painful because there are no nerves inside the airways
- Targets smooth muscle in the lungs using heat to shrink it
Diagnostic Procedures
- Spirometry
- Measures airflow obstruction, which is characteristic of asthma
- FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second):
- Reduced in asthmatic patients
- FVC (Forced Vital Capacity):
- May be normal or reduced
- FEV1/FVC Ratio:
- Typically decreased in asthma (below 0.75-0.80 in adults)
- Bronchodilator Response:
- Significant improvement in FEV1 (≥12% and 200 mL) after bronchodilator administration supports asthma diagnosis
- Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) Measurement
- Non-invasive test used to assess airway obstruction
- Measures how fast someone can exhale
- Methacholine Challenge Test
- Used to diagnose asthma by assessing airway hyperresponsiveness
- Measures the degree of airway narrowing
- FeNO (Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide) Test
- Assesses the level of airway inflammation
- Used to guide treatment, monitor therapy effectiveness, and predict asthma exacerbations
Laboratory
- Allergy Testing for Asthma
- Skin Prick Test:
- A small amount allergen is applied to the skin and a small prick allows it to enter
- If allergic, a raised, red bump appears within 15-20 minutes
- The size of the bump indicates the sensitivity to that allergen
- Blood Test:
- Measures IgE antibodies in the blood
- Elevated levels indicate an allergic response
- Specific IgE tests can identify the allergens causing the reaction
- Skin Prick Test:
- Chest X-ray or CT Scan
- Provides pictures of the lungs and chest
- Used to check for other lung conditions
- Sputum Analysis
- Studies the sputum for inflammatory cells and microorganisms to determine the type of asthma
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