Bronchial Asthma Overview and Treatment

<p>Zileuton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal congestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophylaxis in allergic conjunctivitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective beta blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause vasculitis and limb defects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchodilators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of Gs protein to increase c-AMP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestive heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theophylline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac arrhythmia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can induce smooth muscle relaxation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting phospholipase A2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ipratropium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group of medications that help control asthma by stopping the release of substances that cause inflammation, such as histamine and leukotrienes.

A medication that is used to treat severe asthma attacks, often given intravenously.

These drugs are often used to prevent asthma symptoms and are inhaled into the lungs.

A class of medications that can trigger asthma attacks. These drugs should be avoided in patients diagnosed with asthma.

The process by which a set of drugs work to prevent asthma attacks by stabilizing mast cells and inhibiting the release of inflammatory chemicals.

One of the main strategies used to treat an acute asthma attack. This type of medication is usually delivered through a nebulizer.

A key drug used in the treatment of severe asthma attacks. This drug is often given intravenously in an emergency setting.

Chronic lung condition characterized by airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Can be triggered by various factors such as allergens, irritants, exercise, and infections.

Beta-2 selective agonists like salbutamol and salmeterol stimulate the beta-2 receptors, activating the G protein which in turn activates adenyl cyclase. This enzyme produces cAMP, leading to a decrease in intracellular calcium, directly relaxing bronchial smooth muscles and causing bronchodilatation.

A group of drugs that directly affect the muscarinic receptors (M3) in the bronchi, counteracting the cholinergic effects causing bronchoconstriction. By inhibiting the activity of acetylcholine, they cause smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.

Theophylline, a methylxanthine, blocks adenosine A1 receptors and inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme leading to an increase in cAMP. This has several effects: relaxes smooth muscles (bronchodilation), stimulates skeletal muscles, increases heart rate and contraction force, and stimulates the central nervous system.

Corticosteroids exert their effects by reducing the synthesis of inflammatory mediators, mainly by inhibiting phospholipase A2. This action drastically reduces the inflammatory process, acting as both an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent, making it highly effective in asthma management.

Drugs like cromolyn and leukotriene modifiers are non-hormonal agents that play a crucial role in preventing the release of inflammatory mediators. They are considered long-term control medications, aiming to reduce the frequency and severity of asthma attacks.

Inhaled administration is considered the optimal route for B2 agonists in asthma treatment because it delivers the drug directly to the airways, minimizing systemic exposure and reducing the likelihood of side effects compared to oral or intravenous routes.

Methylxanthines, particularly theophylline, have a narrow therapeutic window. This implies that the range between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose is very small. As a result, careful monitoring is absolutely essential to avoid potential adverse effects.

Theophylline's metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, and its elimination rate can vary significantly depending on liver enzyme activity. Factors like smoking, age, and certain medication interactions can alter enzyme activity, requiring adjustments to theophylline dosage.

Theophylline is an irritant. Administration via intravenous, rectal, or oral routes can cause various side effects. Intravenous administration can lead to phlebitis, while rectal administration can cause proctitis. Oral use might result in peptic ulcers or constipation. Rapid intravenous administration can even lead to cardiac arrest.

Theophylline, when administered intravenously, can cause various adverse effects, including: CNS effects like anxiety, headache, palpitations, and vomiting; cardiovascular effects like hypotension and palpitations; and potentially fatal effects like convulsions and arrhythmias.