Broadcasting Programs

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Questions and Answers

Which communication form focuses primarily on sharing information and ideas with a large audience through mechanical devices?

  • Group Communication
  • Mass Communication (correct)
  • Inter-personal Communication
  • Intra-personal Communication

A radio station produces a series of community reports without direct advertising but funded through government subsidies. Under which program classification does this fall?

  • Sponsored Program
  • Sustaining Program (correct)
  • Flattery Program
  • Commercial Program

A television station identifies a popular current affairs program that it produces and starts allowing select advertisers to place adverts. What kind of program is this?

  • Flattery Program (correct)
  • Commercial Program
  • Sustaining Program
  • Developmental Program

Which funding source is least likely to be associated with commercial broadcasting programs?

<p>Private Donations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A broadcasting station wants to create content focusing on local governance policies and their community impact, which also facilitates discussions with local leaders. Which type of program aligns best with this objective?

<p>Current Affairs programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A media production team is developing a public affairs broadcast centered on community development. Which program format would be most suitable to effectively engage the local population and address their concerns?

<p>Vox pop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core difference between commercial and sustaining programs in broadcasting, concerning their primary objectives?

<p>Commercial programs prioritize revenue generation, while sustaining programs focus on informing and educating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the principles of communication, what key element ensures that broadcasting is not a one-way transmission but rather an exchange?

<p>The inclusion of action, reaction, and interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Public Affairs Broadcasting (P.A.B), what is the most critical reason for maintaining a high level of accuracy in information dissemination?

<p>To fulfill P.A.B's core mission of information, education, and public enlightenment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies a P.A.B producer demonstrating resource responsibility?

<p>Creating programming that addresses public concerns and contributes to societal improvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ability to 'think outside the box' particularly valuable for a Public Affairs Broadcasting (P.A.B) producer?

<p>It helps them to create unique and engaging content that stands out from conventional broadcasting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does being an 'environmental scanner' benefit a Public Affairs Broadcasting (P.A.B) producer?

<p>It ensures the producer is well-versed in current political, economic, social, and technological trends. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant implication of a P.A.B producer failing to address potential conflicts of interest?

<p>It can undermine the credibility and impartiality of the broadcast. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is versatility considered a key attribute for a Public Affairs Broadcasting (P.A.B) producer?

<p>It prepares them to handle the diverse range of topics covered in P.A.B programs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does a 'backpack journalist' approach enhance a P.A.B producer's capabilities?

<p>It equips them with the necessary tools to function independently at any time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the most significant impact of gender stereotyping in broadcasting, something the broadcaster must resist?

<p>It reinforces societal inequalities and misrepresents the roles of individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is MOST critical for a broadcaster to uphold when presenting Public Affairs programs?

<p>Guaranteeing that information is accurate, impartial, and objective to facilitate informed democratic debates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should broadcasters adapt their approach to public affairs programming to effectively reach all segments of the Nigerian population?

<p>By taking into account the multi-lingual nature and varied literacy levels, using common languages to ensure broad comprehension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying aim do Public Affairs Programmes (PAPs) serve in relation to citizens?

<p>To deepen citizens' knowledge and understanding of current issues, and awaken their sense of responsibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following considerations is the broadcaster ethically bound to observe when covering sensitive personal matters in Public Affairs Programmes (PAPs)?

<p>Respecting the sanctity of an individual's private life, except when a compelling public interest dictates otherwise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant benefit of Public Affairs Programmes (PAPs) in a democratic society?

<p>They broaden citizens' horizons and enable them to better understand the world around them, promoting active participation in democratic processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adherence to editorial neutrality in public affairs broadcasting primarily entail?

<p>Presenting issues from a variety of perspectives without bias based on gender, age, race, or other characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of broadcasting ethics, what does 'socially inclusive' mean regarding Public Affairs Programmes (PAPs)?

<p>Reflecting the lives and concerns of all social strata in Nigeria, ensuring that diverse voices are heard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action represents a broadcaster failing to adhere to the guiding principles of Public Affairs Broadcasting (PAB)?

<p>Refusing to cover a story due to potential negative impacts on a political ally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a Public Affairs Broadcast (PAB) in alignment with UNESCO's definition?

<p>A community radio station hosts a weekly show where local residents discuss the implications of a proposed zoning law, providing various viewpoints and expert analysis, regardless of socioeconomic status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A broadcasting station intends to create a Public Affairs Program (PAP). Which approach aligns MOST effectively with the core principles of PAP, as understood from the provided definitions?

<p>Establishing a dedicated Public Affairs section within the station, separate from News and Current Affairs, to cultivate in-depth societal analysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the function of a Public Affairs Broadcast (PAB) serve as an instrument of democracy, as understood from the content?

<p>By offering access to information and facilitating public debate, empowering citizens to participate actively in shaping society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant distinction between a Public Affairs Program (PAP) and a standard news broadcast?

<p>PAP's offer an opportunity for multiple prospectives on issues, while news broadcasts focus on factual reporting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A local broadcasting station wants to improve citizen participation. Which strategy would be MOST effective according to the principles outlined for Public Affairs Broadcasts (PAB)?

<p>Developing a series of programs that educate citizens on their rights and responsibilities, while creating forums for discussing pressing issues, ensuring access to information, which will empower them to participate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A public broadcasting station is developing a new Public Affairs Program (PAP). Which objective should take precedence to align with the ethos of public service?

<p>Cover complex, yet accessible topics to the general public, empowering them to take action in their communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ideally, which departmental structure within a broadcasting station should manage Public Affairs Programs (PAPs) to ensure their effectiveness and alignment with their intended purpose?

<p>A separate Public Affairs Section, as it can move beyond news broadcasts to offer prospectives on issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the MOST effective application of a Public Affairs Broadcast (PAB) in addressing a critical societal issue?

<p>A panel discussion featuring experts with diverging viewpoints, educational materials and diverse backgrounds, providing an in-depth exploration of the climate crisis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most significantly constrains the ability to produce high-quality Public Affairs Programmes (PAPs)?

<p>Insufficient financial resources allocated to key production aspects such as equipment, talent compensation and airtime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Programme Proposal within the context of developing a Public Affairs Programme (PAP)?

<p>To secure the necessary approvals for the programme idea, detailing its objectives, target audience, and technical requirements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A program producer intends to create a Public Affairs Programme (PAP) that strongly advocates for a particular political ideology. Which principle of Value-Added Broadcasting (VAB) would this potentially violate?

<p>The principle of reflecting the democratic values of society, emphasizing impartiality and diverse viewpoints. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a Public Affairs Programme (PAP) producer consider when incorporating cultural elements into their programming?

<p>Seeking to showcase, protect, and promote Nigeria's diverse cultural heritage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When creating a Public Affairs Programme (PAP), how can a producer address the challenge of topic recycling while maintaining audience interest and relevance?

<p>By using contemporary contexts, diverse perspectives, and innovative angles to refresh familiar subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of developing a Programme Proposal for a Public Affairs Programme (PAP), what is the significance of specifying in-house resources versus outsourced options when outlining the budget?

<p>It is crucial for accurately calculating the overall production costs and identifying potential cost-saving opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant implication of allocating Public Affairs Programmes (PAPs) to graveyard slots?

<p>It reduces the programme's visibility and potential impact on public discourse due to limited viewership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Public Affairs Broadcasting (PAB) best foster self-discipline, self-reliance, self-sacrifice, and a sense of patriotism in its audience?

<p>By actively promoting and celebrating the nation's diverse cultural heritage and achievements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle aligns with media outlets fostering societal advancement beyond mere information dissemination?

<p>Social Responsibility Theory, where media is accountable for contributions to public welfare and development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what critical capacity does the 'public sphere' concept, as articulated by Jurgen Habermas, serve within a representative democracy?

<p>It operates as a virtual or abstract space where public opinion is formed through dialogue, influencing state affairs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected role of media programmes in fostering national identity and economic progress?

<p>To build a united, strong, and self-reliant nation by showcasing opportunities and promoting tolerance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the agenda-setting theory influence the media's approach to societal development, as opposed to the social responsibility theory?

<p>Agenda-setting theory prioritizes influencing which issues the public thinks about, whereas social responsibility emphasizes ethical reporting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the 'public sphere,' as conceptualized by Habermas, from traditional models of democratic governance?

<p>The 'public sphere' emphasizes the role of private individuals in shaping public opinion through dialogue, complementing formal political processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the role of media in technological advancement, what initiative would most effectively align with the stated goals?

<p>Encouraging citizen awareness of domestic technological developments through targeted and accessible educational programming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant challenge in applying the Social Responsibility Theory in contemporary media landscapes?

<p>The establishment of clear, universally accepted definitions of 'truth,' 'accuracy,' and 'societal interests' in reporting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Habermas's concept of the 'public sphere' address a potential deficiency within representative democracies?

<p>By providing a space for public discourse and opinion formation that can challenge, affirm, or guide state affairs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Communication

The process of conveying information between individuals or groups using agreed-upon symbols, involving action, reaction, and interaction.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between two or more persons involving the sharing of information, feelings, ideas, and attitudes.

Mass Communication

Communication to a large number of people, typically via mechanical devices like radio and television.

Commercial Programs

Broadcast programs sponsored by advertisers, designed to generate revenue for the station.

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Sustaining Programs

Broadcast programs funded and produced by the station, typically without direct advertising or identified sponsors; designed to inform and educate.

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Flattery Programs

Sustaining programs that have become so popular that advertisers want to be associated with them.

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Grants

Private donation (financial support)

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Government Subvention

Financial support, especially that granted by a government to support a business.

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Public Affairs Broadcasting (PAB) - General Definition

Efforts to provide a platform for public information, self-expression, education, and awareness on economic, political, social, cultural, and technological matters.

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Public Affairs Broadcasting (PAB) - Station Definition

Educational or informational programs focusing on public policy and political matters, developed and produced by broadcast stations.

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Public Affairs Broadcasting (PAB) - UNESCO Definition

A meeting place where all citizens are welcomed and considered equal, with access to information and educational tools, irrespective of social or economic status.

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PAB Purpose

Shedding light, offering perspectives, and providing commentary on topical issues for the common good, packaged for general public interest without commercial consideration.

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PAB as a Democratic Tool

An information, enlightenment, and educational tool accessible to all, broadcasting 'of the people, by the people, and for the people'.

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PAB Purposes

Serves as an information, enlightenment, educational, instructional and cultural platform.

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PAB as a Debate Forum

PAB provides useful forums for public debate on burning issues that affect the society.

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PAB and Citizen Empowerment

PAB provides access to information and through that, citizens are empowered to participate in the discourse, as their contributions will go a long way in providing solutions to existing problems.

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Public Affairs Programs (PAPs)

Programs aimed at deepening citizens' knowledge and understanding of current issues.

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Citizens' Awareness

PAPs awaken citizens' consciousness and sense of responsibility.

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Citizen Empowerment

PAPs encourage and help citizens discover their abilities to improve their own lives.

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Horizon Broadening

PAPs broaden citizens' horizons and help them understand the world around them.

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Diverse Perspectives In PAPs

Public affairs coverage should be undertaken from a variety of perspectives.

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Reflecting National Values

PAPs must reflect democratic, social, political, and economic values of the country.

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Accessibility of PAPs

Broadcasters must consider the multi-lingual nature and literacy level of the Nigerian society.

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Information Integrity

Information presented must be accurate, impartial, and objective to promote informed democratic debates.

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Gender Stereotyping (Broadcasting)

Broadcast journalists must avoid reinforcing gender biases in their programming.

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P.A.B Opportunities

Public Affairs Broadcasting (P.A.B) offers broadcast journalists specialized opportunities.

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Communication Skills (P.A.B)

Producers and anchors require excellent verbal and written communication abilities to collaboratively produce successful shows.

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Investigative Skills (P.A.B)

Sharp investigative and analytical skills are needed to gather the best information and present stories clearly.

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Versatility (P.A.B)

A P.A.B. producer handles diverse topics and needs to be informed about different aspects of issues.

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Work Under Pressure (P.A.B)

Meeting deadlines under pressure is crucial in media; P.A.B producers must handle pressure effectively.

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Accuracy (P.A.B)

Information in P.A.B programmes must be accurate, which requires multiple gatekeeping processes to verify facts.

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Networking List (P.A.B)

Connecting with experts in various fields is essential for P.A. programs to get insights and information.

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Programme Proposal

A document needed to get approval for program ideas, including title, objectives, rationale, target audience, and scheduling.

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Statement of Technical Requirements

Specifies whether the program needs an indoor or outdoor setup and lists all equipment necessary for production.

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Crew List

A list that includes the proposed anchor and other personnel involved in the production of the program.

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Budget Idea

An estimate of the costs involved in producing the program, noting items sourced in-house versus those outsourced.

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Sponsorship Opportunities

Possible ways the program can attract sponsors to provide financial or other support.

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Funding Challenges (P.A.P)

High production expenses, especially for equipment, outdoor broadcasting, airtime, set materials, and talent payment.

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Dynamism in Communication Challenges

Changes in technology and trends that render equipment and methods obsolete.

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Principles of V.A.B

P.A.B. must reflect the political, economic, social, technological, and cultural values of the society.

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Media's Role: Tolerance

Media should promote tolerance and diverse opinions through their programming.

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Media's Economic Role

The media must support building a united, strong, and self-reliant nation through economic awareness.

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Media's Technological Role

The media should encourage citizens to be aware of technological advancements in their country through programming.

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Social Responsibility Theory

The media has a responsibility to the public and should contribute to societal development beyond just providing news and entertainment.

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Societal Contribution

Media contributes by sponsoring instructional programs related to societal interests, not just for the station's benefit.

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Public Sphere

A visual or imaginary community where private individuals gather to discuss societal needs with the state/government.

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Public Sphere Role

The source of public opinion needed for societal development in a functioning democracy.

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Public Assembly Impact

Public assembly and dialogue generate opinions and attitudes to affirm, challenge, or guide government affairs.

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Study Notes

  • Course outline will cover overview, types, and forms of broadcasting
  • Defining Public Affairs Broadcasting (PAB)
  • Why PAB including its functions, principles, and financing
  • Programming for PAB
  • An overview of PAB in Nigeria
  • Theorizing PAB
  • Conception and production of PAB
  • Scripting PAB
  • Crewing and producing PAB

Public Affairs Broadcasting

  • Communication is the process by which information is conveyed between individuals or groups through pre-agreed symbols
  • This process involves action, reaction, interaction, and sending information, ideas, or signals via a communicator or sender to a receiver
  • Communication involves sharing information, feelings, attitudes, and ideas, between two or more people
  • Communication can manifest in several forms:
    • Interpersonal
    • Intrapersonal
    • Group
    • Mass
    • Verbal
    • Non-verbal
  • The course focuses on communication aimed at sharing information and ideas to a large number of people
  • This is achieved through mechanical devices such as radio and television

Broadcast Programs

  • Broadcast programs classified into two major categories:
    • Commercial programs
    • Sustaining programs (also known as non-commercial programs)

Commercial programs

  • They are sponsored and attract a lot of advertisement

Sustaining Programs

  • They are funded and produced by the station, mostly without adverts or identified sponsors
  • Designed to inform and educate rather than entertain,

Flattery programs

  • Specific programs in Nigeria have become so popular that advertisers seek to place ads within them
  • Stations bear the cost of production, funded via private donation, grants, or government subsidies
  • Includes news, current affairs, and developmental programs like community reports

Public Affair Broadcasting

  • Public Affair Broadcasting falls under the sustaining programs category

Definition of PAB

  • PAB is any communication effort on radio or TV aimed at providing a platform for the public to exercise their rights
  • Includes rights to:
    • information
    • self-expression
    • education
    • enlightenment
  • Also serves to make the public aware of economic, political, social, cultural, and technological happenings

UNESCO definition of Public Affair Broadcasting

  • Viewed as a sphere or meeting place where all citizens are welcomed, considered equal, and where information and educational tools are universally available
  • Aims to shed light provide perspectives, and offer commentary on topical issues of public concern
  • PAB programs are designed for the general public interest, without commercial consideration, and are regarded as social responsibility projects of the broadcasting station

Significance of PAB

  • PAB serves as an informational, enlightening, and educational tool accessible to all, and meant for all
  • It is broadcasting of the people, by and for the people
  • PAB is a key instrument of democracy
  • It aims to speak to and appeal to everyone as a citizen, not primarily focused on entertainment
  • Any entertainment included serves to elucidate the addressed issue

PAB is useful for various reasons:

  • Educational, informational, instructional, and cultural purposes
  • Public forums for debate on burning social issues
  • Provides information access to empower citizen participation

PAB also:

  • Provides solutions to existing problems
  • Deepens citizens' knowledge and understanding of contemporary issues
  • Awakens citizens' consciousness and sense of responsibility
  • Encourages citizens to discover and improve their abilities and lives
  • Broadens citizens' horizons and helps them understand the world

Guiding Principles of PAB

  • Nigeria performs well in PAB, with virtually all broadcast stations offering PAB programs
  • Many programs are subject to profitability demands, the main focus of PAB remains general public interest

Examples of PAB programs in Nigeria

  • Tuesday Live
  • One-on-One on NTA
  • Focus Nigeria
  • Kakaaki
  • African Voice and Matters Arising on AIT
  • Eyewitness Report
  • Community Report
  • Sunrise Daily on Channels
  • Your View on TVC

Guiding principles for public and private broadcasters include:

  • Coverage must approach from multiple perspectives
  • No bias in terms of gender, age, disability, race, sexual orientation, religion, or minority membership

PAB must adhere to principles that:

  • Reflect the democratic, social, political, cultural, and economic values of the country
  • Be socially inclusive and reflect the lives of all social strata
  • Recognize Nigeria's multilingual nature and literacy levels, communicating in common languages
  • Ensure respect and voice of children and youths
  • Address the needs of those with physical, sensory, or intellectual disabilities
  • Must be able to increase the accessibility and relevance of programming to such audience

PAB must:

  • Avoid abusing the sensibilities of the audience
  • Ensure information accuracy, impartiality, and objectivity to set the agenda for informed democratic debates
  • Respect the sanctity of an individual's private life
  • Resist gender stereotyping
  • Ensure the confidentiality of sources and manage conflicts of interest

Qualities of a PAB Producer

  • PAB offers opportunities for broadcast journalists & anyone wishing that they are taking up a specialized career in broadcasting

Qualifications the PAB producer must possess

  • Good Communication Skills
  • Investigative & analytical skills
  • Versatility
  • Ability to work under pressure
  • Must also maintain a high level of accuracy

Producer and anchor skills

  • Both Producers, and anchors must have high Speaking & writing skills, together with good communication as a team
  • Sharp investigative & analytical skills are needed to get the story at hand, and present the story in a way that can easily be understood

Essential PAB qualities

  • Must be versatile due to a diverse amount of topics covered
  • The producer needs to be knowledgeable, or have an idea of different aspects of the issues.
  • The producer Should be able to work under Media pressure and deadlines.
  • There must only be accurate information delivered to be able to educate viewers.
  • Develop a strong contact and networking list

Essentials for producers cont.

  • Have easy access to experts in various fields covered by PAP's
  • A P.A.B producer must be one that's Socially Resourceful and Responsible. It is better to produce programming driven by concern by making the society a better place.

Role of PAB producer

  • A P.A.B producer must be a broadcast hobbyist i.e listening and watching other programs.
  • Is required to be a back-pack journalist ready at any time, with the tools that are required
  • Think outside the box as an approach
  • Be unique and not follow the bandwagon

More Essentials

  • Must be a scan environmental scanner, so it is versatile with trending matters
  • Understand the political, environment as well as social and technological environment in latest developments
  • Must be a professional reader as well
  • Have good human relation skills for better

Developing PAB Material

  • The first required material is a program proposal
  • Needed to see approval for ones' program idea

The proposal will contain

  • Title of the program
  • Objective/rational
  • The program type/format
  • Target audience and the rationale for choosing ones' audience
  • and day/time duration for the program, with ones' reasoning
  • Statements/requirements
  • Technical requirements, to produce indoors or outdoors with given equipment
  • 7 Crew List, Proposed anchor

Financing

  • Budget idea, where ones' items that are needed in budget can be sourced.
  • When sourcing internally, use (xxx') to denote others, or use a reverse term
  • The reversible is the term caves for outsourced anchors.
  • Stating possible sponsorship

Challenges of PAB

  • Funding
  • The general problem for all broadcast, as production is too much to produce PAP.
  • Changes in the process, and obsolete equipment
  • Topic Bias
  • Editorial ownership
  • Recycling topics
  • Timings/most popular programs always take slots from flagship programs

Principles of PAB

  • Political, Economic, Social, Technological & Cultural
  • P.A. B must reflect democratic + all values of society together

Aspects it highlights

  • promoting general values & norms
  • respect for the dignity of man + self patriotism
  • Must enhance national identity & cultural identity to identify / encourage Nigeria's cultural preservation
  • Promote awareness for political/democracy, self tolerance

Other principles of PAB are:

  • Build a united front between the strong
  • Nigeria is full of opportunities
  • Technology allows people to be aware of technological developments in their country

Theories of Public Affair Broadcasting

  • Social Responsibility Theory: came as a result of broadcasting & other ethics to the media
  • It has a big responsibility for societal developments
  • Accurately account of societal activity in an intelligent forum

Agenda

  • Stations can contribute with programmes that are instructional of interests.
  • Not necessarily for the 'stations benefit, eg Silverbird's billboard

Public Sphere

  • Jurgan Herbamas made an appearance as a German Scholar
  • Concern for democracy and what it has to give
  • Political power is maintained in democracy
  • The concept of public power is maintained in some identifiable way
  • That can affirm/challenge the state of the source
  • Sociatal debate is functional to the democracy

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