Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the 100-car Naturalistic Driving Study, accident risk is ______ times higher when using a cellphone.
According to the 100-car Naturalistic Driving Study, accident risk is ______ times higher when using a cellphone.
4x
Strayer and Johnston (2001) used ______ driving to study the effects of cellphone use on attention.
Strayer and Johnston (2001) used ______ driving to study the effects of cellphone use on attention.
simulated
Inattentional blindness is a phenomenon where a person does not perceive a ______ that is not attended.
Inattentional blindness is a phenomenon where a person does not perceive a ______ that is not attended.
stimulus
The inattentional blindness experiment involved a ______ display presented to participants for five trials.
The inattentional blindness experiment involved a ______ display presented to participants for five trials.
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Object-based visual attention involves directing attention to one ______ on an object.
Object-based visual attention involves directing attention to one ______ on an object.
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Change blindness is a phenomenon where differences between two pictures are not immediately ______.
Change blindness is a phenomenon where differences between two pictures are not immediately ______.
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Attention can be based on the ______ of an object.
Attention can be based on the ______ of an object.
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Identifying differences between two pictures requires ______ attention and search.
Identifying differences between two pictures requires ______ attention and search.
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The cocktail party phenomenon is not directly related to the topic of ______ use.
The cocktail party phenomenon is not directly related to the topic of ______ use.
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The text does not mention ______ models, ______ memory, or ______ filtering.
The text does not mention ______ models, ______ memory, or ______ filtering.
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Study Notes
Sensory Memory and Processing
- Sensory memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second, processing high-level characteristics.
- Information is transferred to the next stage for further analysis.
Filter Model of Attention
- Filter identifies the attended message based on physical characteristics before meaning analysis.
- Only the attended message proceeds to short-term memory.
Short-term Memory
- Receives output from the detector and retains information for 10-15 seconds.
- May transfer retained information to long-term memory.
Limitations of Broadbent’s Filter Model
- An early selection model that filters messages before meaning assessment.
- Cocktail party phenomenon: individual’s name can be detected even amidst noise.
- Shadowing meaningful messages from one ear to another exemplified by "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment (Gray & Wedderburn, 1960).
Treisman's Attenuation Model
- An intermediate selection model allowing separation of attended and unattended messages early in processing.
- Selection may also occur at later processing stages.
- Attenuator analyzes messages based on physical features, language, and meaning.
Dictionary Unit
- Contains words with varying activation thresholds; common or significant words have low thresholds.
- Attended messages are transmitted at full strength, while unattended messages are weaker.
Attention Mechanisms
- Scene schemata provide knowledge about typical scene contents affecting visual attention.
- Precueing directs attention to expected locations, improving response times.
Divided Attention
- Practice allows simultaneous execution of once difficult tasks.
- Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment on divided attention involved monitoring rapid stimuli while remembering target characters.
Automatic Processing
- Badges automatic processing, which requires minimal cognitive resources, occurs with practice in attention tasks.
Distractions from Cell Phone Use
- Naturalistic driving studies show accident risk increases fourfold when using a cellphone.
- Simulated driving studies reveal phone users miss red lights and delay braking, regardless of hands-free device use.
Attention and Visual Perception
- Inattentional blindness occurs when unseen stimuli fail to register, even when looked at directly.
- Participants in studies may overlook changes in a scene, illustrating this phenomenon.
Object-Based Visual Attention
- Attention can be location-based (moving focus across environments) or object-based (targeting specific regions on an object).
- Attention can be directed toward environment static scenes, specific objects, or dynamic events.
Change Detection
- Change blindness demonstrates difficulty perceiving differences between two similar images.
- Identifying differences necessitates concentrated attention and active search efforts.
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Description
Test your understanding of Broadbent's Filter Model, a psychological theory that explains how our brain processes information. Learn about the different stages of information processing, from sensory memory to short-term memory.
