Breast-Feeding Module 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a protective factor present in breast milk?

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin

Artificial sweeteners (correct)

Immunoglobulins

What is the timing of the secretion of mature breast milk after childbirth?

From day eight to fourteen

Within the first three days

From day four to ten

After ten days (correct)

Which factor has contributed to the recent increase in breastfeeding frequency in industrialized countries?

Decline in social support for breastfeeding

Decreased awareness of nutritional needs

Increased availability of formula milk

Higher education for women (correct)

What is one of the main reasons breast milk has a low risk of bacterial contamination?

The temperature is finely tuned Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is known to help promote intestinal microbial flora in infants?

Growth factors Signup and view all the answers

What role does the peroxidase in human milk play?

It oxidizes thiocyanate ions to create antibacterial products. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of breast-feeding mentioned in the content?

Breast-fed babies are less prone to infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bile salt-stimulated lipase in human milk?

It contributes to the production of antimicrobial lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What makes breast milk practical and economical compared to alternatives prior to the 20th century?

Its nutritional quality is assured and correctly diluted. Signup and view all the answers

What are some protective factors found in breast milk?

Immunoglobulins and anti-inflammatory agents. Signup and view all the answers

Why is breast-feeding considered the safest form of nourishment?

It has a finely tuned temperature with low contamination risk. Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are present in breast milk that provide antiviral and anti-parasitic benefits?

Enzymes and immunoglobulins. Signup and view all the answers

Prior to the 20th century, what was a common alternative to breast-feeding?

Wet nursing, available only for the privileged. Signup and view all the answers

Which component in human milk is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of micro-organisms?

Lactoferrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the low buffering capacity of human milk?

It contributes to a distal intestinal pH that is unfavorable to pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular elements are found in high concentrations in colostrum?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which protective factor in breast milk promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium?

Oligosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which component is produced by macrophages in human milk and provides protection against infections?

Prostaglandin E2 Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycoproteins play in human milk regarding pathogenic organisms?

They block receptor sites required for pathogen attachment. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has a lower concentration in mature milk compared to colostrum?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What effect does breastfeeding have on the risk of gastrointestinal infections in infants?

Reduces the risk due to protective factors in milk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of colostrum?

It is produced within the first three days after birth. Signup and view all the answers

What marks the transition from colostrum to transitional milk?

The cessation of colostrum production. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is especially high in mature breast milk?

Lactose Signup and view all the answers

By which day does the production of mature breast milk typically begin?

Tenth day Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of essential fatty acids in breast milk?

Mature milk Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is notably present in both colostrum and transitional milk?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is found in higher amounts in mature breast milk compared to transitional milk?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of whey proteins in breast milk?

To aid in digestion. Signup and view all the answers

How does the composition of fat in transitional milk compare to colostrum?

It is marginally higher. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the change from transitional milk to mature breast milk?

Stabilization of all nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended volume of milk or formula consumption per day according to pediatric recommendations?

At least 500 ml Signup and view all the answers

What type of follow-up formula is recommended for infants in feeding pattern three?

High protein follow-up formula Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is likely to be low in most weaning foods?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which feeding pattern is characterized by low levels of protein in weaning foods?

Feeding pattern three Signup and view all the answers

Why is a high protein follow-up formula considered undesirable in some instances?

It is too expensive for certain populations. Signup and view all the answers

How much protein per 100 kcal does the ESPGHAN recommend for follow-up formulas?

4 to 4.5 g/100 kcal Signup and view all the answers

What is a major source of calcium in the weaning diet?

Follow-up formulas Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically found in weaning diet feeding pattern two?

High volume of formula consumption Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Breast-Feeding Overview

Breast-feeding is recognized as the safest and most efficient form of nutrition for infants.
Prior to the 20th century, alternatives to breast-feeding were limited and often inadequate.
Breast milk provides a perfectly balanced mix of nutrients necessary for infant growth.

Benefits of Breast-Feeding for Infants

Assured nutritional quality with all nutrients in suitable forms, eliminating the risk of incorrect dilution.
Optimal milk temperature, minimizing bacterial contamination risk.
Rich in protective components, including:
- Immunoglobulins and lysozyme (antibacterial agents).
- Lactoferrin, which inhibits microbial growth.
- Cellular elements such as neutrophils and macrophages that further protect against infections.
Reduction in susceptibility to gastrointestinal infections, particularly gastroenteritis.

Protective Factors in Human Milk

Components such as lactoferrin, monoglycerides, and specific fatty acids effectively inhibit or kill harmful microorganisms.
Glycolipids and oligosaccharides block pathogenic receptors and bind to toxins.
Small compounds promote the growth of beneficial Bifidobacterium species in the intestines, creating an unfavorable pH for pathogens.
High levels of immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes) in colostrum provide significant protection during early life.
The intestinal pH becomes approximately 5 due to lactobacilli and acetic acid, hindering enteric pathogen growth.

Milk Composition

Colostrum: Produced within the first three days post-birth, high in immune components.
Transitional Milk: Secreted from the third to tenth day, bridging colostrum and mature milk.
Mature Milk: Available from the tenth day onward, containing balanced nutrients necessary for the infant.

Weaning and Follow-Up Formulas

Need for moderate protein follow-up formulas in weaning diets to maintain sufficient protein intake, especially in areas with low milk consumption post-weaning.
Recommended daily intake should not fall below 500 ml of milk or formula.
Follow-up formulas serve as a crucial source of calcium, vital for infants transitioning to solid foods with typically low calcium content.

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Description

This quiz covers the key concepts related to breast-feeding and the biochemical properties of human milk. It focuses on the roles of peroxidase and bile salt-stimulated lipase in producing antimicrobial substances. Test your understanding of the importance of these components in infant nutrition.