Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a criterion for identifying women at very high risk for breast or ovarian cancer?
Which of the following is a criterion for identifying women at very high risk for breast or ovarian cancer?
Women under the age of 30 with an unexplained breast lump are always referred urgently for further investigation.
Women under the age of 30 with an unexplained breast lump are always referred urgently for further investigation.
False (B)
What method is used to track the sentinel lymph node during breast cancer diagnosis?
What method is used to track the sentinel lymph node during breast cancer diagnosis?
A radioisotope or blue dye is injected.
Breast cancer symptoms include nipple discharge, retraction, and other changes of concern for individuals aged ___ and over.
Breast cancer symptoms include nipple discharge, retraction, and other changes of concern for individuals aged ___ and over.
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Match the following referral types with their appropriate age and condition:
Match the following referral types with their appropriate age and condition:
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How many women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year in the UK?
How many women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year in the UK?
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The 5-year survival rate for breast cancer in the UK is currently 95%.
The 5-year survival rate for breast cancer in the UK is currently 95%.
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What does DCIS stand for?
What does DCIS stand for?
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One in _____ women in the UK will develop breast cancer in their lifetime.
One in _____ women in the UK will develop breast cancer in their lifetime.
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Which of these groups includes a criteria for identifying women at increased risk of breast cancer?
Which of these groups includes a criteria for identifying women at increased risk of breast cancer?
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Breast cancer only affects women.
Breast cancer only affects women.
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What is the predicted number of people alive in the UK after a diagnosis of breast cancer by 2030?
What is the predicted number of people alive in the UK after a diagnosis of breast cancer by 2030?
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Match the countries with the annual number of breast cancer diagnoses:
Match the countries with the annual number of breast cancer diagnoses:
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What is a common treatment option for HER2 positive breast cancer?
What is a common treatment option for HER2 positive breast cancer?
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Invasive ductal breast cancer is a type of invasive breast cancer.
Invasive ductal breast cancer is a type of invasive breast cancer.
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Name one of the rarer types of breast cancer mentioned.
Name one of the rarer types of breast cancer mentioned.
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Breast cancers can be categorized as low grade, intermediate grade, and __________ grade.
Breast cancers can be categorized as low grade, intermediate grade, and __________ grade.
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Which type of breast cancer is characterized by a quick-growing tumor?
Which type of breast cancer is characterized by a quick-growing tumor?
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Match the type of breast cancer with its appropriate description:
Match the type of breast cancer with its appropriate description:
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Triple negative breast cancer can be treated with hormone therapies.
Triple negative breast cancer can be treated with hormone therapies.
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A core member of the breast cancer multidisciplinary team (MDT) includes a __________.
A core member of the breast cancer multidisciplinary team (MDT) includes a __________.
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Study Notes
Presentation Overview
- Topic: Breast Cancer
- Presenter: Jonathan Brack
- Date: 15/11/2024
- University: University of the West of England, Bristol
Learning Outcomes
- Anatomy of the breast revision
- Epidemiology and etiology of breast cancer
- Breast cancer signs, symptoms, and clinical imaging
Anatomy Revision
- Diagram of breast anatomy showing various lymph nodes (e.g., subclavian, anterior axillary, lateral axillary, posterior axillary, circumareolar - plexus of Sappey) , jugular vein, lactiferous ducts, adipose tissue, lobules, pectoral muscle, and connective tissue.
- Diagram labels included.
Breast Cancer Prevalence
- Figure 5.3.2 shows the ten most frequent cancers in females (2011-2015)
- Breast cancer ranks highest with 29.1%
- Key statistics on breast cancer cases (56,822 new cases annually), deaths (11,499 annually), survival rate (76% 10+ year survival), and preventable cases (23% in 2015).
Breast Cancer Figures
- Approximately 55,000 women and 370 men are diagnosed with breast cancer annually in the UK.
- England: ~46,000 cases annually
- Scotland: ~4,700 cases annually
- Wales: ~2,800 cases annually
- Northern Ireland:~ 1,500 cases annually
- ~7,000 cases of DCIS in the UK annually.
Breast Cancer Stats Continued
- 5-year survival rate of breast cancer is 85%.
- Survival rates have doubled in the UK over the past 40 years.
- An estimated 600,000 people are alive in the UK after a breast cancer diagnosis.
- The prediction for the number of survivors in 2030 is 1.2 million.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
- Age: Relative risk increases significantly with age ( >10)
- Geographical Location: Developed countries show a higher relative risk (relative risk =5).
- Age at menarche: Early menarche (<11) shows an increased risk (relative risk = 3).
- Age at menopause: Late menopause (> 54) shows an increased risk (relative risk = 2).
- Age at first full pregnancy: Delayed first pregnancy (> 40) is associated with an increased risk (relative risk =3).
- Family history: Risk is increased with multiple relatives having breast/ovarian cancer (≥2, 4-5 in case of benign disease).
- Socioeconomic group: Group I and II show a higher relative risk.
- Diet: High saturated fat intake is a risk factor (relative risk = 1.5).
- Body weight: Increased body mass index (BMI) >35 shows an increased risk, particularly after menopause.
- Alcohol: High consumption (>2-5 drinks/day) is a risk factor
- Exposure to ionising radiation: Early age exposure ( >10) for females poses an increased risk.
- Taking exogenous hormones: Oral contraceptive use shows an increased risk (relative risk =1.24).
- Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) use for ≥10 years raises the risk (relative risk = 1.35).
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES) use during pregnancy carries a high risk (relative risk= 2).
Familial Breast Cancer Criteria
- Criteria for identifying women with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer (3x or more the population risk).
- Criteria focus on family history, number of relatives, age at diagnosis, and breast/ovarian cancer prevalence within the family.
Breast Cancer: Risk Factors, Causes and Types Diagram
- Diagram illustrating risk factors (Genetics/Family History, Demographics, Prolonged Estrogen Exposure, Medical history, Lifestyle)
- Genetic risks (mutations in genes like BRCA1/BRCA2 and ↑ proto-oncogenes like HER2).
- Demographic factors (age, gender).
- Prolonged estrogen exposure (Nulliparity, early menarche).
- Medical history (previous breast cancer).
- Lifestyle factors (alcohol, high BMI, smoking).
Breast Cancer Signs & Symptoms
- Overview slide with graphic depicting common breast cancer symptoms.
Identifying Breast Cancer: Imaging
- Mammogram, Ultrasound, MRI and Biopsy techniques to identify breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Referral Process
- NICE guidance for breast cancer referral, focusing on:
- Referral criteria: age 30+ with unexplained breast lump, pain, discharge, or breast changes; or age 50+ with any of these symptoms or skin changes suggestive of cancer.
- Urgent referral timeframes (within 2 weeks)
Sentinel Node Breast Cancer
- Technique to detect and diagnose breast cancer spread including the use of radioisotopes and blue dye to track sentinel lymph nodes(SLN).
Biopsy of Lymph Node
- Methods of sampling, diagnosing infection or tumor, and histologic analysis of cells from lymph nodes.
Sentinel Node Biopsy
- Diagram showing the procedure.
Diagnostic Tools
- Identifying predictable lymph node patterns potentially avoiding unnecessary surgery.
Main Types of Breast Cancer
- Overview of categories:
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
- Invasive breast cancer (Invasive ductal and lobular), Inflammatory breast cancer
- Triple negative breast cancer
- HER2 positive breast cancer
- Rarer types (medullary, mucinous, tubular breast cancer, malignant phyllodes tumor).
Breast Cancer Treatment
- Treatment options based on cancer stage (hormonal, chemotherapy, surgery, radiation).
- Therapies for estrogen/Her2 receptors.
Staging and Grading
- Breast cancer staging system.
- Low grade (slow-growing)
- Intermediate grade
- High grade (faster growing)
Breast Cancer TNM Staging
- Detailed explanation of the TNM classification system including descriptions of:
- T (Tumor): size and extent
- N (Node): presence and location of lymph node involvement
- M (Metastasis): spread of cancer to distant sites.
Rationale for Radiotherapy
- Radiotherapy (RT) is used to reduce the risk of loco-regional recurrence in breast cancer.
MDT (Multidisciplinary Team) Members
- Description of core and extended members of the MDT:
- Designated breast surgeon(s)
- Radiologist
- Histopathologist
- Oncologist
- Breast care nurse
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeons
- Data Management Personnel
- Research Nurses
- Clinical Psychologist
- Palliative Care Team
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Description
Test your knowledge on breast cancer risk factors, symptoms, and statistics in the UK. This quiz covers important criteria for high-risk women, diagnosis methods, and survival rates. Join us in raising awareness and understanding of breast cancer among women.
