BRCA Mutations and Ovarian Cancer Risk
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical age range in which testicular cancer occurs?

  • 5-15
  • 15-35 (correct)
  • 45-55
  • 35-45

    • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for testicular cancer?

  • Family history of testicular cancer
  • Inguinal hernia
  • Undescended testicle
  • Diabetes (correct)

    • What is a typical presentation of testicular cancer?

  • Painless, hard, heavy, firm testicular mass (correct)
  • Fluctuant mass
  • Painful, soft, movable testicular mass
  • Transilluminating tumor

    • Which symptom may indicate metastasis to the lung in testicular cancer?

    <p>Cough or dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique can distinguish between extra-testicular masses and intra-testicular masses in evaluating a testicular mass?

    <p>Scrotal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of gynecomastia in relation to testicular cancer?

    <p>It is not common but may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be indicated by a firm, hard, or fixed area during a testicular exam?

    <p>Suspicion of malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age difference in developing ovarian cancer between individuals with BRCA1 mutation compared to those with BRCA2 mutation?

    <p>10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absolute risk of developing ovarian cancer over a lifetime for individuals with BRCA1 mutation?

    <p>35-45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not thought to contribute to the development of ovarian cancer?

    <p>Pregnancy and use of contraceptives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What manifestation is rare in cases where ovarian cancer is localized to the ovary?

    <p>Painful intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically associated with advanced ovarian cancer?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What acute presentations can patients with ovarian cancer have?

    <p>Bowel obstructions and pleural effusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions reduces the risk of developing ovarian cancer?

    <p><strong>Tubal ligation</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic imaging modality is recommended as the first line for evaluating endometrial cancer?

    <p>Pelvic sonogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In postmenopausal women with a thin endometrial lining, when is an endometrial biopsy not required?

    <p>In the presence of ongoing bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for early stages of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Hysterectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of multiple myeloma?

    <p>Malignant transformation and proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group has a higher risk of developing multiple myeloma?

    <p>African Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does multiple myeloma typically occur?

    <p>Between 65-74 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for multiple myeloma?

    <p>Gender (being male)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be required in advanced stages of multiple myeloma treatment?

    <p>Chemotherapy and radiation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for TLS?

    <p>IV Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should hypocalcemia be treated in TLS?

    <p>After treating hyperphosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic imaging modality preferred for diagnosing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in life-threatening cases?

    <p>Catheter-based venography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients should receive rasburicase for TLS prevention?

    <p>Patients at high risk of TLS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are characteristic of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

    <p>Headache, dyspnea, hoarseness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much IV hydration per day is recommended for patients at risk of TLS?

    <p>$3000$ ml/m2/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

    <p>Obstruction of the superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is NOT advisable for hyperkalemia in TLS?

    <p>Standard hyperkalemia treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug is associated with dose-related cardiotoxicity?

    <p>Danuorubicin (Cerubidine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug may cause red/orange urine as a side effect?

    <p>Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug is linked to peripheral neuropathy as a side effect?

    <p>Paclitaxel (Taxol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer type is most commonly associated with Spinal Cord Compression from metastasis?

    <p>Breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug side effect includes photosensitivity?

    <p>Fluorouracil (5-FU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug may lead to malaise and toxic effects on the colon?

    <p>Vinblastine (Velban)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Gemcitabine (Gemzar)?

    <p><strong>Fever</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug is known for causing edema and mucositis as potential side effects?

    <p><strong>Paclitaxel (Taxol)</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can tumor markers help in cancer management?

    <p>Resurgence of tumor markers suggests cancer recurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is NOT commonly affected by metastasis in breast cancer?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is NOT listed as a site of metastasis for lung cancer?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site of metastasis for melanoma?

    <p>Peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer type is NOT known to metastasize to the liver?

    <p>Testicular cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is NOT mentioned as a site of metastasis for uterine cancer?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of detecting tumor markers in cancer patients?

    <p>Rising tumor marker levels may suggest progression or recurrence of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cancers does NOT commonly metastasize to the brain?

    <p>Kidney cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgery in treating ovarian cancer?

    <p>To remove all tumor nodules larger than 1cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is surgical exploration necessary for a definitive diagnosis of ovarian cancer?

    <p>To confirm elevated CA125 marker levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are there no recommended screening tests for ovarian cancer?

    <p>As per recommendations from the USPSTF and Society of Gynecologic Oncology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries?

    <p>Endometrial Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should women who are BRCA1 and BRCA2 positive consider prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy?

    <p>Before childbearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reduces the risk of developing ovarian cancer by 90% in high-risk individuals?

    <p>Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommend regarding ovarian cancer screening for low-risk females?

    <p>Against screening low-risk females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major reason for the lack of reliable screening tests for ovarian cancer?

    <p>Recommendations against screening by medical societies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

    <p>IV Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should hypocalcemia be treated in a patient with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

    <p>After treating hyperphosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging modality is recommended for diagnosing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in life-threatening cases?

    <p>CT Scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for developing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

    <p>Tumor expansion obstructing the vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cornerstone in preventing Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) in patients at risk?

    <p>Aggressive hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with high risk of TLS, what medication should be used for prevention?

    <p>Bicarb for metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method provides the most expedient way to diagnose and treat Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in life-threatening cases?

    <p>Catheter-based venography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be required if standard hyperkalemia treatments fail in a patient with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?

    <p>Dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is not associated with Vinblastine (Velban)?

    <p>Malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug is linked to red/orange urine as a side effect?

    <p>Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer type commonly metastasizes to cause Spinal Cord Compression?

    <p>Breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug side effect includes peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Vincristine (Oncovin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically associated with Fluorouracil (5-FU)?

    <p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug may lead to fever and hypotension as side effects?

    <p>Etoposide (Vepesid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy drug is associated with edema as a potential side effect?

    <p>Gemcitabine (Gemzar)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary management strategy for patients with Hyperleukocytosis?

    <p>Start emergent chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukemia types are most commonly associated with Hyperleukocytosis?

    <p>Acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated Hyperleukocytosis?

    <p>Symptomatic leukostasis leading to impaired microcirculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Hyperleukocytosis, what symptoms may indicate intracranial hemorrhage?

    <p>Headache, blurry vision, confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate initial treatment for Hyperleukocytosis if emergent chemotherapy is not immediately possible?

    <p>Administer Hydroxyurea as a first-line treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For patients with Hyperleukocytosis unable to receive emergent chemotherapy, what treatment alternative may be considered?

    <p>Leukapheresis as a temporary measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided in patients with Hyperleukocytosis to prevent symptomatic leukostasis?

    <p>Administering red blood cell transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to provide treatment to prevent tumor lysis syndrome in patients with Hyperleukocytosis?

    <p>To mitigate metabolic derangements due to cellular breakdown products</p> Signup and view all the answers

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