Branches of Science and Scientific Method

Study Notes

Branches of Science

Science is a systematic enterprise building and organizing knowledge in testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
It is characterized by empirical observation, experimentation, and theory development supported by evidence.
Main branches include:
- Physical Science: Focuses on non-living matter and energy. Includes physics, chemistry, and astronomy.
- Life Science: Studies living organisms and interactions. Includes biology, botany, zoology, and ecology.
- Earth Science: Deals with Earth, its processes, materials, and history. Includes geology, meteorology, oceanography, and paleontology.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to acquiring knowledge, involving steps for solving problems and answering questions.
Crucial for reliable and reproducible results.
Steps include:
- Observation: Identifying a phenomenon to investigate.
- Question Formulation: Developing a specific research question.
- Hypothesis Formulation: Proposing a possible explanation (testable).
- Prediction: Formulating expected outcomes if hypothesis is correct.
- Experimentation: Designing and conducting controlled tests.
- Data Analysis: Analyzing results to draw conclusions about hypothesis.
- Conclusion: Evaluating results against the original hypothesis, potentially leading to further investigation.

Scientific Theories

A well-substantiated explanation of a natural world aspect, validated by the scientific method and repeated confirmation through observation and experiment.
Not just guesses or opinions.
Highly reliable explanations, supported by overwhelming evidence.
Scientific theories can be modified or expanded with new evidence.
Examples include the theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the germ theory of disease.

Scientific Laws

A descriptive generalization about natural world behavior under specific conditions, often expressed as mathematical equations.
Describes relationships between phenomena, but doesn't explain why they occur.
Usually backed by significant empirical evidence.
Examples include Newton's law of universal gravitation, the law of conservation of mass and energy, and the laws of thermodynamics.

Scientific Measurement and Units

Essential for accurate and consistent scientific communication.
Standardized systems (e.g., SI units) ensure universal understanding.
Quantitative data (measured values) is crucial for analysis.
Accuracy and precision are important in measurement.
Proper use of units (e.g., meters, kilograms, seconds) is paramount.

Scientific Reasoning

Involves logical arguments based on evidence.
Deductive and inductive reasoning are crucial.
Deductive reasoning: Moves from general principles to specific conclusions.
Inductive reasoning: Uses specific observations to form general principles.
Both methods are valuable in hypothesis formulation, prediction testing, and conclusion drawing.

Ethics in Science

Ethical considerations influence scientific practice.
Honesty, integrity, and objectivity are key research values.
Bias should be minimized in experiments and data analysis.
Accurate and unbiased result reporting is essential for scientific advancement.
Potential societal impacts of research must be considered.

Description

Explore the various branches of science including physical, life, and earth sciences, as well as the scientific method employed to acquire reliable knowledge. This quiz tests your understanding of the key areas and processes within the scientific field. Challenge your knowledge and see how well you grasp these foundational concepts!