Branches of Microbiology Overview
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List different branches of microbiology.

  • Medical microbiology (correct)
  • Industrial microbiology (correct)
  • Environmental microbiology (correct)
  • Immunology (correct)
  • Agricultural microbiology (correct)
  • Public health microbiology (correct)

    • What does medical microbiology study?

    Microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals.

    What does public health microbiology monitor and control ?

    The spread of diseases in communities.

    What does immunology study?

    <p>The immune system and its response to infection, including vaccination and blood testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does industrial microbiology focus on?

    <p>The use of microbes in various industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does agricultural microbiology examine?

    <p>The relationships between microbes and plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does environmental microbiology study?

    <p>The impact of microbes on different environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with disproving spontaneous generation?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with first observing microbes?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made small microscopes to examine fabric, draw animalcules from rainwater and scraped from his tooth?

    <p>Antoine van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the scientist who developed postulates to least specific microorganism to specific diseases?

    <p>Robert Koch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Needham attempt to do?

    <p>Disprove spontaneous generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who identified endospore in the air?

    <p>John Tyndall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Oliver Wendell Holmes realize?

    <p>Mother who gave birth at home experience less infections than mother who gave birth at hospitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to get to like handwashing and develop aseptic technique?

    <p>Joseph Lister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis show?

    <p>How women became infected in the maternity ward due to doctors that also had been working in the autopsy room without washing their hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established rules for classification?

    <p>Carl Von Linne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binomial naming system?

    <p>Scientific name and Gina's name followed by species thing. Dina's name is always capitalized why species names are lowercase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscope is most commonly used?

    <p>Brightfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dark field microscopy used for?

    <p>To see living cells that are hard to stain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phase contrast microscopy?

    <p>To observe intercellular structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are electron microscopes used to view?

    <p>Cell organelles and viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does simple staining show?

    <p>Size arrangement and shape of bacterial but nothing about the bacteria itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does differential staining show?

    <p>About the cell wall for a gram negative cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a daughter molecule?

    <p>Identical copy of the template strand/original strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a template strand?

    <p>The original DNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is newly synthesized DNA?

    <p>A copy of the original DNA but created in multiple pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of primase?

    <p>Makes a NEW RNA primer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA polymerase III do?

    <p>Adds new/ MORE nucleotides to the growing DNA chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase?

    <p>Fill in any resulting GAPS in the newly formed DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does helicase do?

    <p>Finalize the DOUBLE stranded DNA helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central dogma of biology?

    <p>DNA is transcribing to mRNA mRNA translated into protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of transcription?

    <p>Termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the initiation stage of transcription?

    <p>DNA double helix unwinds and the ptimer is added to start the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the elongation stage of transcription?

    <p>DNA polymerase and nucleotides to the growing DNA strand continuously building the DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the termination stage of transcription?

    <p>Actors when the replication process is complete and any newly synthesized DNA strands are separated and finalized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of protein synthesis?

    <p>Mysome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are types of horizontal gene transfer?

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conjugation?

    <p>One bacterium transfer plasma, (circular DNA found in bacteria) through the pillie and sharing/sending it to another bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transformation?

    <p>When a bacteria cell picks up DNA from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transduction?

    <p>When a virus infect bacteria also known as bacteriophage transfers DNA from one bacteria to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are jumping genes?

    <p>Genes that are capable to move around in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a spontaneous mutation?

    <p>A random change of DNA typically due to DNA replication error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are induced mutations?

    <p>Being exposed to known mutagens physically or chemically agents, that damaged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ionizing radiation, like gamma rays and X rays, cause?

    <p>Break in DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ultraviolet radiation, like sunlight, cause?

    <p>DNA to LINK together and clump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a point mutation?

    <p>Effect only single base gene by adding subtracting or deleting a single base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lethal mutation?

    <p>Causes cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neutral mutation?

    <p>Provide neither bad or good change and doesn't affect organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a missense mutation?

    <p>Causes a change in amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nonsense mutation?

    <p>Create STOP codon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a silent mutation?

    <p>Alters base but does not change amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of flagella?

    <p>For motion and movement helps, move deeper into tissue and spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of fimbria?

    <p>Sticky fingers for attachments, helps stay longer in the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of pili?

    <p>For conjugation/transfer of genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of a slime layer?

    <p>Help make bacteria, cell sticky, and help them stick together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of a capsule?

    <p>The layer used to protect the bacteria from attack of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a gram-positive cell?

    <p>Cell membrane cytoplasmic, Thick peptidoglycan, Purple, Teichoic acid, Lipoteic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a gram-negative cell?

    <p>Cell membrane cytoplasmic, Thin peptidohlycan, Pink, Outer membrane, Lipopolysaccharide/ LPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an S layer?

    <p>Are crystal structural surface layer that are only found in archeal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bacteria and archae?

    <p>Prokaryotes with no nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eukarya?

    <p>A eukaryote with a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do archaea thrive in?

    <p>Clean and very hard environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are protozoas?

    <p>Unicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fungi and algae?

    <p>May be unicellular or multicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are helmiths?

    <p>Always multicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sporangiospores?

    <p>Covered by sporsngium, which burst opens and release spores all at once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are conidiospores?

    <p>Individual spores that pinch off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some important facts to know about viruses?

    <p>Viruses do not have a cell wall, but can be staying with metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps of viral infection?

    <p>Assemble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a persistent infection?

    <p>Occurs when a virus remains in the host, but does not immediately kill host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a provirus?

    <p>Very can latent cytoplasm or DNA but once in incorporated into host DNA the virus is called provirus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are prions?

    <p>Can affect proteins that causes neurodegenerative disease in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are viroids?

    <p>Mainly affect plants that caused infection by infectious strands of naked RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do prions and viroids have in common?

    <p>Non-cellular, infectious agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chronic latent ?

    <p>State when viruses become periodically reactivated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are helminths?

    <p>Helmets are either flatworms or round words. Helmets can be male or female or hermaphroditic, which is both females and male sex organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Branches of Microbiology

    • Microbiology encompasses various branches, including medical, public health, industrial, agricultural, and environmental microbiology.
    • Medical microbiology studies microbes causing human and animal diseases.
    • Public health microbiology monitors and controls disease transmission within communities (e.g., using organizations like USPHS, CDC, and WHO).
    • Immunology studies the immune system's response to infection, including vaccination and blood testing.
    • Industrial microbiology focuses on using microbes in industries, e.g., food/water safety, biotechnology, and producing amino acids, beer, and vitamins.
    • Agricultural microbiology examines the relationships between microbes and plants/animals.
    • Environmental microbiology investigates the impact microbes have on different environments (e.g., water, soil, Earth).

    Historical Figures and Discoveries

    • Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization and a rabies vaccine.
    • Robert Hooke first observed microbes.
    • Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made early microscopes to study microbes.
    • Robert Koch developed postulates for identifying specific microorganisms causing specific diseases.
    • John Needham attempted to disprove spontaneous generation.
    • John Tyndall identified endospores in relation to disease transmission.
    • Oliver Wendell Holmes linked unsanitary practices to infection transmission.
    • Joseph Lister pioneered aseptic techniques in surgery.
    • Ignaz Semmelweis linked handwashing to reducing puerperal fever.
    • Carl von Linné established rules for biological classification.

    Microbiology Techniques

    • Simple stains: Used to visualize size, arrangement, and shape of bacteria without detailed characteristics.
    • Differential stains: (e.g., Gram stain) distinguish bacteria based on cell wall structure (gram-positive vs. gram-negative).
    • Microscopes: Different types of microscopes, like light microscopes (brightfield/dark field/phase contrast) and electron microscopes (transmission/scanning), are used to visualize microbes.

    Microbial Genetics and Replication

    • Horizontal gene transfer: Includes conjugation (bacterial exchange of genetic material), transformation (bacteria acquiring DNA from the environment), transduction (viruses transferring bacterial DNA), and jumping genes (genes capable of movement).
    • Mutations: Spontaneous and induced changes in DNA sequences; can be lethal, neutral, silent, missense, or nonsense mutations with varying effects on the organism.
    • Replication: The process by which DNA is copied. Enzymes like primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA ligase, and helicase are involved in the process of DNA replication.

    Viral Replication

    • Viruses don't have a cell structure; they replicate within host cells.
    • Viral reproduction involves stages like attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, and release.
    • Persistent infections occur when viruses remain in the host without killing the host cell. They can also form proviruses that later become active.

    Microbial Structure

    • Flagella, pili, fimbriae, slime layers, and capsules are structural components with different functions in bacteria (e.g., movement, attachment, protection from immune system).

    Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

    • Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic (no nucleus) while Eukarya are eukaryotic (with a nucleus).

    Other Important Considerations

    • Archaea thrive in extreme environments (e.g., extremely high or low temperatures, high/low pH).
    • Protozoa are unicellular organisms.
    • Fungi and algae can be unicellular or multicellular.
    • Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms.
    • Conidiospores are individual spores.
    • Prions are infectious proteins, while viroids are infectious RNA.
    • Chronic latent viral infections can periodically reactivate.

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    Description

    Explore the various branches of microbiology, including medical, public health, industrial, agricultural, and environmental microbiology. Learn about the pioneers like Louis Pasteur who made significant discoveries, such as pasteurization and the development of vaccines. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how microbiology impacts health and industry.

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