Branches of Biology

Botany: study of plants
Zoology: study of animals
Microbiology: study of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Biochemistry: study of chemical processes within living organisms
Molecular Biology: study of structure and function of molecules (DNA, proteins, etc.)
Cell Biology: study of structure and function of cells
Genetics: study of heredity and variation
Evolutionary Biology: study of evolution and diversity of life
Biophysics: study of physical principles underlying biological processes

Biotic Factors: living components (organisms, populations, communities)
Abiotic Factors: non-living components (light, temperature, water, soil)
Ecosystem Services: benefits provided by ecosystems (oxygen production, nutrient cycling)
Food Webs: networks of predator-prey relationships
Nutrient Cycles: pathways by which nutrients are recycled through ecosystems

Botany: Involves the study of various aspects of plant life.
Zoology: Focuses on the biological study of animals and their behaviors.
Microbiology: Examines microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Ecology: Investigates the relationships and interactions between organisms and their environments.
Biochemistry: Analyzes the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Molecular Biology: Studies the structure and function of biological macromolecules like DNA and proteins.
Cell Biology: Explores the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
Genetics: Examines heredity, variation, and the role of genes in living organisms.
Evolutionary Biology: Studies the mechanisms and effects of evolution and the diversity of life.
Biophysics: Integrates principles of physics and biology to understand biological processes.

Cell Membrane: Acts as a selective barrier, controlling substance entry and exit.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like matrix where cellular components are suspended and biochemical reactions occur.
Nucleus: Houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and regulates gene expression.
Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell that generate ATP through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes: Sites where proteins are synthesized by translating messenger RNA.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion and degradation of waste materials.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or use within the cell.
Cytoskeleton: Provides mechanical support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement.

Carbohydrates: Serve as energy sources and structural elements (e.g., glucose, cellulose).
Proteins: Functions vary widely, including catalysis (enzymes) and signaling (hormones).
Lipids: Essential for energy storage, signaling, and forming cell membranes.
Nucleic Acids: Include DNA and RNA, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in glucose.
Respiration: Series of metabolic processes that convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.
Fermentation: Anaerobic process that breaks down glucose to extract energy, producing byproducts like ethanol or lactic acid.
Mitosis: A type of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells, important for growth and repair.
Meiosis: Specialized cell division that produces gametes with half the genetic material, crucial for sexual reproduction.
Gene Expression: Process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, mainly proteins.

Natural Selection: Mechanism through which advantageous traits become more common in a population.
Speciation: Process leading to the development of new species due to evolutionary changes.
Mutation: Permanent alterations in the DNA sequence that can lead to genetic variation.
Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies within a population, influencing evolution.
Gene Flow: Transfer of genetic material between populations, contributing to genetic diversity.

Biotic Factors: Include all living elements that affect the ecosystem, such as species interactions.
Abiotic Factors: Non-living environmental variables, including sunlight, temperature, and soil composition.
Ecosystem Services: Benefits ecosystems provide to humans, including clean air and water, pollination, and climate regulation.
Food Webs: Interconnected networks of feeding relationships in an ecosystem, illustrating energy flow.
Nutrient Cycles: The movement and recycling of nutrients through biological and physical components of ecosystems.