Branches of Biology

Botany: study of plants
Zoology: study of animals
Microbiology: study of microorganisms
Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
Molecular Biology: study of biological molecules and their interactions
Genetics: study of heredity and variation
Evolutionary Biology: study of the processes that have shaped the diversity of life
Biophysics: study of the physical principles underlying biological processes
Biostatistics: study of statistical methods in biology

Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: outer layer of the cell
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell
- Nucleus: control center of the cell
- Mitochondria: powerhouses of the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membranous tubules and cisternae
Cell Processes:
- Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
- Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Cell division: process by which cells reproduce themselves
- Gene expression: process by which cells turn genetic information into protein

Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural selection: process by which populations adapt to their environment
- Genetic drift: random change in gene frequency
- Mutation: change in DNA sequence
- Gene flow: movement of genes between populations
Types of Evolution:
- Microevolution: change within a population over time
- Macroevolution: change between different species over time
Diversity of Life:
- Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
- Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Botany studies plants and their interactions with the environment.
Zoology focuses on animals, their structure, behavior, and evolution.
Microbiology examines the characteristics, habits, and impact of microorganisms.
Ecology explores the relationships between organisms and their environment, including energy flow and nutrient cycling.
Biochemistry delves into the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Molecular Biology investigates the structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules.
Genetics researches heredity, variation, and the transmission of traits.
Evolutionary Biology investigates the processes that have shaped the diversity of life on Earth.
Biophysics applies physical principles to understand biological phenomena.
Biostatistics develops and applies statistical methods to analyze biological data.

The plasma membrane is the outer layer of the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing most of its genetic material.
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose, resulting in ATP production.
Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce themselves, involving mitosis and meiosis.
Gene expression is the process by which cells turn genetic information into protein, involving transcription and translation.

An organism is an individual living thing, composed of organ systems.
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions.
An organ is a self-contained part of an organism, performing specific functions.
Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions.
A cell is the basic unit of life, capable of reproducing itself.

The nervous system controls and coordinates body functions, transmitting and processing information.
The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products.
The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the body.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, which are absorbed and utilized by the body.
The immune system defends against pathogens and disease, involving both nonspecific and specific defenses.

Natural selection is the process by which populations adapt to their environment, resulting in increased fitness.
Genetic drift is the random change in gene frequency, leading to genetic variation.
Mutation is a change in DNA sequence, resulting in new alleles or genetic variation.
Gene flow is the movement of genes between populations, increasing genetic variation.

Microevolution is the change within a population over time, resulting in adaptation.
Macroevolution is the change between different species over time, resulting in speciation.

Kingdoms are taxonomic groups, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Domains are the highest taxonomic rank, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.